历史园林植物景观保护与修复思想探索 ——以颐和园写秋轩为例

为探寻适合中国历史园林植物景观保护修复的理论 与方法,基于相关国际公约前期研究基础,结合颐和园写秋轩 案例的实地调查与史料分析,针对其植物景观空间视域和文化 意境两方面的现存问题,提出了相应的复原依据、保护策略与 思路,同时指出了历史园林中植物景观与建筑保护修复的差异 等问题;最后,总结并探讨了在中国历史文化背景下,适应时 代与自身发展的园林遗产保护思想,以期为我国其他历史园林 保护与修复工作提供参考和借鉴。     

城市河堤的多目标弹性景观修复途径 ——以四川省富顺沱江为例

城市河堤工程在发挥防洪功能的同时,往往造成滨 河生态环境破坏、自然服务功能和空间活力丧失等多种问题。 基于弹性防洪理念,这些单一功能的城市河堤在防洪效能、生 态服务、环境品质和公共活力等方面具有巨大的提升潜力, 已经成为现代城市更新的重点区域。城市河堤的多目标弹性景 观修复可以运用软化、退让和复合3种主要策略,以实现防洪 与景观的平衡。以四川省富顺沱江项目为例,根据现状情况、 问题和修复目标,将项目中已建和规划河堤工程划分为4种形 式,综合应用景观修复策略,对不同类型河堤提出相应的改造 途径。最后,总结景观修复项目实施中需要解决的关键问题, 以期提出适合中国城市河堤工程的弹性景观修复途径。     

国土空间生态保护修复范式研究

研究目的:基于"山水林田湖草"生命共同体理念,分析国土空间生态保护修复"尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然"的实现途径,为国土空间生态保护修复的"整体保护、系统修复、综合治理"提供理论与方法指导。研究方法:采用文献资料综述、案例研究等质性分析方法,从自然定位、修复途径、预期功能三个角度对已有观点进行比较研究。研究结果:(1)自然途径有6种不同范式:自然范式、本土范式、过程范式、文化范式、实验范式、绿色范式。(2)不同范式各有优劣,需要根据社会需求情况、自然重要性、自然破坏程度的高低进行综合选择,才能实现生态保护修复国际最优。研究结论:国土空间生态保护修复要充分认识自然定位和价值认知的多元性,充分发挥自然途径6种范式的优势,探索生态保护修复的组合方案,促进国土空间生态保护修复高质量发展。     

人工如何支持引导生态系统自然修复

研究目的:基于《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》,研究人工如何支持引导生态系统自然修复,为美丽国土建设提供理论依据和指导。研究方法:文献资料综合分析法、系统回顾法、实证分析法、类比分析法和趋势外推法等。研究结果:(1)以基于自然的解决方案的国际语境分析为基础,科学诠释中国新时期人工支持引导生态系统自然修复的内涵与外延;(2)以生态系统生物多样性与稳定性关系分析与科学论证为基础,在地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、景观重现等各阶段均植入生物多样性的理念,能有效提升人工支持引导自然修复的生态系统的可持续性;(3)从生态系统保护修复的角度,提出了根据现状调查、生态问题识别与诊断结果、生态保护修复目标及标准等,确定"保护保育、自然恢复、辅助再生、生态重建"等为主的生态保护修复单元类型,以及可选取的生态保护修复技术模式;(4)从国情与国土空间地理格局、生活与土地利用方式、生物多样性与稳定性角度,提出了通过土地整治和生物措施提高自然修复速率与效果的人工支持引导路径和关键方法。研究结论:人工支持引导可以提高生态系统自然修复的速率和效果,增加生态系统稳定性和生物多样性水平。因此,在全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程中应考虑人工支持引导措施并验证其作用。     

汶川地震后四川旅游人才队伍建设探讨

5．12汶川大地震使四川旅游业遭受重创。恢复重建四川旅游业的关键是加强旅游人才队伍建设。围绕地震对旅游人才队伍带来的影响、恢复重建中旅游人才队伍建设的必要性、灾后四川旅游人才队伍建设的着力点以及四川旅游人才队伍建设中应关注的几大关系等问题展开论述。     

Compensating for past deforestation: Assessing the legal forest surplus and deficit of the state of Pará, eastern Amazonia

Up to 80% of each private rural property in the Brazilian Amazon is protected by law through the Legal Reserve (LR) mechanism of the federal Forest Code, underlining the conservation importance of forests on private lands in one of the world̿s most important biomes. However, our understanding of the discrepancies in levels of forest protection on private lands as obligated by the law versus what occurs in practice remains very poor. We assessed patterns of forest cover and legal compliance with the Forest Code in the 1.25 Mkm² Brazilian state of Pará, which has the highest deforestation rate in the Amazon. We evaluate the LR deficit and surplus patterns for different sized properties and across 144 municipalities, and found that the total LR surplus (12.6 Mha) was more than five times the total area of deficit (2.3 Mha). Yet, from the total surplus, only 11% can be legally deforested while the remaining 89% is already protected by law but can be used (sold or rented) to compensate for areas that are under deficit. Medium and large-scale properties make up most of the total LR deficit area, while agrarian reform settlements had comparatively large amounts of both compensation-only surplus and deforestable surplus. Most of the municipalities (77%) in the state could compensate their total deficit with surplus areas of LR in the same municipality, while the remainder can be compensate their deficit in one or more neighbouring municipalities, indicating compensation can always take place close to the source of the deficit. Maximising the environmental benefits of achieving Forest Code compliance requires measures that go beyond the existing legal framework, including interventions to avoid further deforestation in places where it is still legal, compensate in close proximity to areas with legal reserve deficit and promote local restoration on degraded lands.     

Evaluating the coupling effects of climate variability and vegetation restoration on ecosystems of the Loess Plateau,China

Restoring disturbed and over-exploited ecosystems is an important part of mitigating human pressures on natural ecosystems. An ambitious ecological restoration program, the Grain for Green Program (GFGP), was launched in 1999 in China. We selected the Loess Plateau (LP) as a case study, and evaluated ecosystem changes between 2000 and 2012 using biophysical models, observation records, and literature data. It was observed that both the warming and wetting of climate and the ecological program promoted vegetation growth and biomass production (i.e., carbon sequestration). Overall ecosystem patterns were relatively stable; grassland, residential land, and forest increased in area, while farmland area decreased slightly. Increasing precipitation throughout the study period was related to fluctuations in soil retention and hydrological regulation. Vegetation restoration induced by climate variability and the ecological program played a significant role in soil retention enhancement, which also substantially reduced sediment load. The land-use conversion in ecological restoration program promoted soil carbon sequestration, but featured differences in conversion types and rainfall zones. The ecosystem changes recorded in the LP, which resulted from both the ecological program and climate variability, might be temporary improvements rather than fundamental ecosystem shifts. The success of this ecological restoration in the LP exemplifies the positive effects of environmental policies and the necessity of adopting an adaptive management approach. However, the current assessment was not comprehensive, as it involved only three dominant regulating services, and there were still trade-offs among multiple ecosystem services. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the interactions and trade-offs among ecosystem services is required to explore in the context of emerging climate change, so as to support environmental management that maximizes ecosystem benefits to human well-being.     

A mathematical model for post-disaster road restoration: Enabling accessibility and evacuation

This paper focuses on the planning of road restoration efforts during disaster response and recovery. The primary objective is to maximize network accessibility for all locations in the area during the restoration process so that survivors are evacuated and road side debris is removed as soon as possible. We propose a dynamic path based mathematical model that identifies criticality of blockages and clears them with limited resources. This model is more efficient than link based models and can solve restoration problems for realistic size networks within reasonable time. Algorithm performance is demonstrated using two instances based on districts in Istanbul.     

矿区废弃地复垦与生态环境重建

矿区废弃地分布广、污染严重,易造成生态环境的恶化;介绍了我国矿区废弃地复垦的情况;废弃地复垦的关键是在正确评价废弃地类型、特征的基础上进行植被的恢复重建,进而使生态系统实现良性循环;植被恢复与重建的关键是尾矿基质改良和植物种类的筛选。     

用C语言实现大地主题解算

本文阐述了白塞尔法大地主题正算和反算思想,最后用C语言实现了白塞尔大地主题解算的正反算。