Compliance with goodwill-related mandatory disclosure requirements and the cost of equity capital

Theory suggests that increased levels of corporate disclosure lead to a decrease in cost of equity via the reduction of estimation risk. We examine compliance levels with International Financial Reporting Standard 3 Business Combinations and International Accounting Standard 36 Impairments of Assets mandated goodwill-related disclosure and their association with firms’ implied cost of equity capital (ICC). Using a sample of European firms for the period 2008–2011, we find a median compliance level of about 83% and significant differences in compliance levels across firms and time. Non-compliance relates mostly to proprietary information and information that reveals managers’ judgement and expectations. Overall, we find a statistically significant negative relationship between the ICC and compliance with mandated goodwill-related disclosure. Further, we split the sample between firms meeting (or not) market expectations about the recognition of a goodwill impairment loss in a given year to study whether variation in compliance levels mainly plays a confirmatory or a mediatory role. We find the latter: higher compliance levels matter only for the sub-sample of firms that do not meet market expectations regarding goodwill impairment. Finally, our results hold only in countries where enforcement is strong.     

商誉交易价值的实证分析

本文通过建立商誉的交易价值模型，采用实证研究方法分析了企业价格（价值）与可控变量，即企业规模、股票流通速度、企业市场占有率以及商誉的交易价值的相关性，对商誉的交易价值五项假定进行了检验。其中商誉的交易价值大小表现为股票的流通股价格和产品交易价格超过它们各自符合假定市场公正平均价格的差额。研究中以公允价格替代有效市场的公正价格做近似处理。     

Fixed Asset Revaluation and Equity Depletion in the UK

UK GAAP has traditionally allowed the write-off of purchased goodwill directly to reserves, resulting in the widespread depletion of book equity. Companies have also been permitted to revalue fixed assets at management's discretion. This study examines whether upward revaluations have been associated with the depletion of book equity and with other costly contracting explanations identified in prior research. Our results provide strong support for the equity depletion hypothesis, both with regard to the decision to revalue and the timing of the revaluations. Indebtedness, liquidity, size and fixed asset intensity are also consistently associated with upward revaluation.     

The Investment Opportunity Set and Acquired Goodwill*

This paper examines how managers in New Zealand allocate the cost of firms' investments in subsidiaries between net tangible assets and acquired goodwill. We find a negative relation between acquired goodwill and leverage. This could be interpreted as the result of managers of highly leveraged acquiring firms opportunistically allocating a lower portion of the acquisition price to acquired goodwill. However, this analysis, like much of the research on accounting choice, suffers from an omitted variables problem. We present evidence that the observed negative relation between acquired goodwill and leverage may stem from each variable's relation to the investment opportunity set. Further, we find no evidence that acquired goodwill is related to the existence of debt covenants. Together, these results suggest an endogenous relation between the firm's asset structure, its financing policy, and the allocation of acquisition price to acquired goodwill.     

企业的环境业绩与环境信息披露：一个日渐重要的商誉构成要素

随着环境污染问题成为世界各地的一个日益突出的经济、社会和政治问题，企业的环境业绩与环境信息披露与社会越来越息息相关，成为公众评价企业的一个重要因素，从而也成为构成企业商誉的一个重要因素。本文通遇分析认为，企业的环境业绩主要通遇影响企业的公共形象和产品形象退而影响企业获取超额利润；企业的环境信息披露则主要通遍影响利益关系人对企业的认知度退而影响企业的超额获利能力。     

商誉治理与商圈融资：济宁案例

济宁金宇商圈针对商圈快速发展中商誉治理的难题和商户的融资担保困境,依托管委会的管理职能和信息优势,通过管委会参与贷款信用评价和信用推荐的融资模式,建立了特定的融资激励机制,既实现了商圈商誉的有效治理,又缓解了商户融资困境,提高了整个商圈的持续竞争力,实现了各方共赢。     

高溢价并购特征与商誉减值及时性——基于并购时管理层过度自信的视角

本文跟踪了并购事件层次商誉从形成到首次减值的过程,并将商誉减值时间和减值风险分为合理减值和延迟减值两部分,通过使用生存分析模型的半参数模型,在一定程度上解决了合理减值时间和风险无法衡量的问题,实证检验了并购特征中的管理层过度自信程度与商誉减值及时性的关系。研究发现,相比于非过度自信的管理层,并购时过度自信的管理层会高估并购溢价,对后续期间的商誉减值风险认知不足,进而延长商誉减值延迟时间、降低商誉减值及时性。本文的研究结果对商誉减值及时性领域做出了有益补充,为有关部门完善商誉减值相关准则和制定商誉减值风险管控政策提供了经验证据。     

The Impact of Institutional Characteristics on Return–Earnings Associations in Japan

In this paper, we report the result of investigation into the impact of institutional characteristics on return–earnings associations in Japan. It is found that the strength of return–earnings associations in Japan is inversely affected by the extent to which a firm's shares are cross-held, the degree of a firm's holding of real estate assets relative to other assets, the amount of a firm's investment in equities of other firms, and the degree of a firm's reliance on debt financing, while it is positively affected by the extent to which a firm's shares are owned by foreign investors. We also provide evidence suggesting that reported earnings are less value-relevant in Japan than in the US, and that the pervasive use of conservative accounting practices in Japan is well manifested in the return–earnings association. Collectively, our results indicate that future research on cross-national differences in the value relevance of accounting disclosures must pay more attention to institutional environments unique to countries concerned.     

中国上市公司会计造假行为的统计特征分析

根据搜集的1994年—2004年造假上市公司的数据，对中国上市公司会计造假行为的个体和群体特征进行多个层面的统计分析，并对下一步规范和治理中国上市公司的会计造假行为提出政策建议。     

PLC在热媒油炉燃油进料系统的应用

文章着重介绍了可编程控制器（PLC）在热媒油炉燃料油进料系统的应用。利用日本OMRON公司生产的CPM2A小型PLC,设计了多台油炉共用一套进料泵的燃油进料及多储罐液位控制系统。简要地说明了工艺流程、控制方案选择、控制系统硬件组成及控制实施方法,并提供了PLC的地址分配表和梯形图。该系统投入使用后运行良好,达到了预期的目的。