Does Tariff Induce Intellectual Property Right Protection and Reduce Incidence of Piracy?

We consider a model with North exporting a copyrighted product to South where there is IPR violation, and South exports a basic good to North. We examine the impact of North's imposition of import tariff on South's monitoring of IPR violation and the incidence of piracy. If South values IPR compliance “lowly”, then tariff imposition do not alter the pre‐tariff no monitoring equilibrium outcome but unambiguously raises the incidence of piracy. If IPR compliance is valued “highly” then tariff either switches the equilibrium outcome from not monitoring to monitoring or increases its rate. However, the incidence of piracy may increase.     

从价规制与从量规制孰优孰劣？--基于可再生能源产业上网价格政策与配额制的比较研究

上网价格政策（ FIT）与配额制（ RPS）是可再生能源电力产业中最常见的两种规制方法。本文分别在两种规制手段下构建了一个两阶段的寡头博弈模型，并给出均衡解，再运用数值模拟的方法对两种规制手段效果进行比较。结果表明：在提高可再生能源产量（装机容量）以及激励基于成本节约的R＆D投入方面，上网价格政策要优于配额制；而在降低碳排放量以及提高消费者剩余方面，配额制规制手段要更胜一筹。但两种方式的社会总福利大小无法进行衡量，这取决于负外部性的大小。     

Tariff induced licensing contracts,consumers’ surplus and welfare

We construct a duopolistic trade model with technology transfer and consider two-part tariff licensing contracts. We show that a tariff on foreign products can influence the licensing strategy of the foreign firm. There is a trade-off between a tariff and a royalty license in affecting the product price. We show in particular that a tariff can be chosen so as to induce fee licensing and maximize both consumers’ surplus and domestic welfare. This resolves the so-called conflict between these two objectives in respect of the choice of a tariff. The paper provides a number of testable hypothesis.     

Inference in multiplicative pricing

In multiplicative pricing of non-life insurance, we report a simulation study of mean square errors (MSEs) of point estimates by (1) the marginal totals method and (2) the Standard Generalized Linear Model (GLM) method of Poisson claim numbers and gamma distributed claim severities with constant coefficient of variation. MSEs per tariff cell are summed with insurance exposures as weights to give a total MSE. This is smallest for Standard GLM under the multiplicative assumption. But with moderate deviations from parameter multiplicativity, the study indicates that the marginal totals method is typically better in the MSE sense when there are many arguments and many claims, i.e. for mass consumer insurance. A method called MVW for confidence intervals, using only the compound Poisson model, is given for the marginal totals method. These confidence intervals are compared with the ones of Standard GLM and the Tweedie method for risk premiums in a simulation study and are found to be mostly the best. The study reports both cover probabilities, which should be close to 0.95 for 95% confidence intervals, and interval lengths, which should be small. The Tweedie method is found to be never better than Standard GLM.     

Combining Risk Assessment and Economics in Managing a Sanitary–Phytosanitary Risk

The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures provides guidelines for countries to protect domestic production from pests and diseases. The guidelines permit consideration of consumer welfare. We find an optimal set of SPS measures considering total welfare and mitigation strategies. Our model suggests that it is optimal and less restrictive to apply mitigation strategies first and then an additional smaller tariff if necessary. Relative cost of mitigation determines the amount of the mitigation strategies applied in the importing and exporting countries.     

双寡头竞争下最优进口贸易政策选择

文章在水平差别产品的伯川德模型中对从量和从价关税进行了分析比较。研究发现,效用函数必须满足一些严格的假设,才能保证征收关税将改善本国社会福利。从量关税的进口限制效果明显强于从价关税。但对于均衡从量关税,总存在一个对能给本国带来更高社会福利的从价关税。两者的差距取决于均衡点本国市场对外国产品的需求弹性,需求弹性越小,社会福利差距越大。     

物流服务创新与物流需求关系研究——基于共生理论视角

物流服务与物流需求之间的关系日益紧密,本文从生态学共生理论视角分析物流服务创新与物流需求之间的关系。在对相关理论进行分析的基础上,以无水港为服务创新案例,提出了基于共生关系的物流服务创新与物流需求之间的相互作用机制,并结合共生理论,分析了在不同共生模式下,物流需求与物流服务创新之间的关系。研究发现,在互惠型共生关系下,物流服务创新与物流需求达到良性互动,实现物流企业与客户的共同发展。     

基于两部收费契约的三级供应链协调研究

研究了在随机市场需求下如何利用两部收费契约来协调由制造商、分销商和零售商组成的三级供应链的问题。首先针对供应链系统的全局协调,得出了系统的最优订购决策;其次,证明了两部收费契约能够协调三级供应链,建立了满足供应链协调的条件和供应链成员实现双赢的数学模型;最后,通过算例验证了合理的契约参数设定能够实现各成员的双赢,在合理的范围内契约参数的大小与企业的讨价还价能力有关。     

电费回收的策略与对策

在电力市场化改革的过程中如何解决电费回收难问题是电力部门的重要课题。而电力营销是供电企业的核心业务,对提高电费回收的力度及效率,尤其的有效回收陈欠电费,其意义深远。本文就新形势下电费回收过程中存在的问题进行阐述,进而提出相应的策略和对策。     

三角高程测量在铁路线路复测中的应用

由于全站仪三角高程测量不受地形的限制,因此利用全站仪三角高程测量进行山区三、四等水准路线测量已经成为主要方法。文章主要介绍全站仪三角高程测量在山西中南部铁路通道ZNTJ-4标段水准线路复测中的应用,并对该水准线路复测结果进行分析。实践表明,全站仪三角高程测量完全可以取代三、四等水准测量,并有取代二等水准测量的趋势。