基于社会偏好理论的网络道德问题治理

针对虚拟网络环境下道德治理的难点,以及网络道德异于传统道德的新特质的挑战,提出网络道德治理的困境,很大程度上源于研究分析工具的不充分。尝试引入社会偏好理论,借用该理论所内蕴的公平、互惠、合作、信任等思想,提出了网络道德治理的若干着眼点,以期对现阶段的网络道德治理提供些许借鉴和启发。     

China's WTO Commitments in Agriculture and Impacts of Potential OECD Agricultural Trade Liberalizations*

After accession to the WTO, China's agriculture is affected by the implementation of its WTO commitments and will be impacted by any multilateral liberalization (actions by the rich OECD economies in particular) resulting from the Doha negotiations. Using the actual commitment data, our computable general equilibrium simulation results show that China's WTO commitments will lead to increased agricultural imports and slightly declined outputs in China. The resulting efficiency gains will be negated by terms‐of‐trade losses, leading to quantitatively small welfare impacts. Furthermore, sectoral results depend critically on correctly representing the more complex policy measures, such as the tariff rate quotas. The negative output effects on Chinese agriculture can be alleviated/reversed if the rich OECD countries commit to reform their agriculture policies. The present paper concludes that trade liberalization should be carried out in both developing and developed countries. Reforming the latter will be particularly helpful in easing the problems facing those developing countries that are carrying out ambitious trade reforms.     

Welfare versus market access: The implications of tariff structure for tariff reform

We show that the effects of tariff changes on welfare and import volume are fully characterised by their effects on the generalised mean and variance of the tariff distribution, implying two “cones of liberalisation” in commodity price space. Because welfare is negatively but import volume positively related to the generalised variance, the cones do not intersect, which poses a policy dilemma. We present a new radial tariff reform rule, which implies new results for welfare- and market-access-improving tariff changes. Finally, we show that generalised and trade-weighted moments are mutually proportional when the trade expenditure function is CES.     

中澳自由贸易区澳方削减纺织品进口关税的影响——可计算一般均衡分析

纺织品贸易谈判是正在进行的中澳自由贸易区谈判的重点之一,近期陷入僵局.文章利用CHINGEM模型,研究了澳大利亚在原有纺织品进口关税削减计划的基础上,分步增加对中国纺织品进口关税削减幅度对我国纺织业和国民经济的影响,提出适当减少纺织品关税削减要求的政策建议,以期推动自由贸易谈判进程.     

论国际贸易中的环境关税

随着环保运动的兴起，越来越多的国家使用环境关税来保护本国环境，且征收环境关税符合WTO相关规则。与征收环境税相比，环境关税是一种次优的选择；用环境关税解决跨边界污染问题关键是实施环境关税的国家是否为贸易大国。     

中国城镇居民用电需求估算及阶梯电价方案设计

估计了不同收入水平的中国城镇居民家庭用电需求的价格弹性和收入弹性,分析了现行的阶梯电价政策对不同收入组城镇居民家庭生活用电量和福利的影响。研究结果表明:中国城镇居民家庭用电需求的价格弹性在-0.239~-0.660之间,收入弹性在0.343~0.577之间;2007—2011年,收入水平为0~10%的城镇居民家庭的月均生活用电量在50千瓦时以下,收入水平为10%~100%的城镇居民家庭的月均生活用电量在189~240千瓦时之间。指出中国现行的阶梯电价方案还有很大的改进空间。根据中国城镇居民家庭的用电特性和价格弹性,提出新的阶梯电价方案。该方案既可提高低收入城镇居民家庭的福利,又可减少高收入城镇居民家庭的超额用电需求,并降低城镇居民家庭的人均生活用电量。     

Harmonisation of food regulations and trade in the Single Market: evidence from disaggregated data

A structural gravity model is used to quantify the effect ofharmonisation of EU food regulations on intra-EU trade during1990–2001. We construct a database that identifies foodproducts covered by harmonised regulations at a very detailedlevel. We find, at different levels of aggregation, that harmonisationof food regulations has led to more intra-EU trade, and thatthe tariff equivalents of the cost of not harmonising food regulations,subject to the sub-sector elasticity of substitution, vary significantlyacross some food sub-sectors.     

Analyzing reciprocal relationships by means of the continuous-time autoregressive latent trajectory model

Over the past decades, several analytic tools have become available for the analysis of reciprocal relations in a non-experimental context using structural equation modeling (SEM). The autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) model is a recently proposed model [BOLLEN and CURRAN Sociological Methods and Research (2004) Vol. 32, pp. 336–383; CURRAN and BOLLEN New Methods for the Analysis of Change (2001) American Psychological Association, Washington, DC], which captures features of both the autoregressive (AR) cross-lagged model and the latent trajectory (LT) model. The present article discusses strengths and weaknesses and demonstrates how several of the problems can be solved by a continuous-time version: the continuous-time autoregressive latent trajectory (CALT) model. Using SEM to estimate the exact discrete model (EDM), the EDM/SEM continuous-time procedure is applied to a CALT model of reciprocal relations between antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms.     

"汇率报复案"的逆向报复效应——舒默-格雷厄姆法案的美国代价

"舒默-格雷厄姆法案"是美国施压人民币升值的一个最重的筹码。该法案具有浓厚的贸易保护主义特征,其核心内容是"美国将对所有从中国进口的产品征收27.5%的惩罚性关税"。文章从理论和实证上证明了该法案对美国的通货膨胀、GDP和就业率都存在逆向报复效应;同时,通过因果检验及VAR模型测算了该效应的大小。文章的结论是,"舒默-格雷厄姆法案"的实施将导致美国每年损失约50万个就业机会,远大于因中国进口商品竞争而丧失的就业数量。美国应做的是进行痛苦的结构改革,除此之外,没有捷径;而中国也不会短视地受迫于各类"汇率报复案",打乱其汇率制度改革的节奏。     

TARIFF POLICY AND WELFARE IN AN INTERNATIONAL DUOPOLY WITH CONSUMER‐FRIENDLY INITIATIVE

The purpose of this paper is to explore how strategic tariff policy and welfare are affected by the consumer‐friendly initiative of foreign exporting firms. We define a firm that is consumer‐friendly or non‐profit‐based if it considers both its own profit and consumer surplus. This paper extends Brander and Spencer by taking the consideration of consumer‐friendly firms into an international duopoly, and within such context examining the tariff policy and welfare. The consumer‐friendly initiative that leads to trade liberalization is a ‘Win‐Win‐Win’ solution in the sense that it is not only beneficial for foreign exporting firms, but also for the government and consumers of the importing country.