Testing subgame perfection apart from fairness in ultimatum games

We present an experiment designed to separate the two commonplace explanations for behavior in ultimatum games—subjects’ concern for fairness versus the failure of subgame perfection as an equilibrium refinement. We employ a tournament structure of the bargaining interaction to eliminate the potential for fairness to influence behavior. Comparing the results of the tournament game with two control treatments affords us a clean test of subgame perfection as well as a measure fairness-induced play. We find after 10 iterations of play that about half of all non-subgame-perfect demands are due to fairness, and the rest to imperfect learning. However, as suggested by models of learning, we also confirm that the ultimatum game presents an especially difficult environment for learning subgame perfection. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at . JEL Classification C91, D64, J52     

“不期而寓”--青年城市配套综合体可行性调研报告

随着时代发展,独居、年轻化已成为租房人群的关键词。观念的升级和住房租赁政策的完善,使得90后的置业观悄然改变。经过市场调查,市面上还没有针对大学毕业生这一群体的长租公寓,多数是针对有一定经济能力的上班族。因此,大学毕业生的住房需求仅仅通过政府采取措施远远无法满足。论文从国家的宏观政策及市场微观细分因素中的人口因素、地理因素、行为因素等方面对“不期而寓”——青年城市配套综合体进行了分析,为项目的推进提供可靠的数据和科学性支持。     

沈阳市会展旅游的战略选择

沈阳市作为东北的区域中心城市和历史文化名城，会展旅游现状与其在全国的地位不相符。沈阳市只有明确会展旅游定位、借鉴会展旅游发达城市经验、发挥政府功能和作用、建立会展旅游企业集团、培养会展旅游专业人才，才能提高沈阳市的会展旅游地位与影响。     

外部环境、资源拼凑与“军技民用”新产品开发关系研究

基于资源拼凑理论视角,运用扎根理论对传统军工企业“军技民用”新产品开发过程进行探究,并探索外部环境、资源拼凑对“军技民用”新产品开发的作用机理。结果发现：“军技民用”新产品开发包括信息获取、技术选择、技术再造3个过程;资源拼凑是“军技民用”新产品开发的有效措施;外部环境对资源拼凑开发“军技民用”新产品过程具有调节作用。     

Competitive search markets for durable goods

Summary. This paper considers a dynamic version of Akerlof's (1970) lemons problem where buyers and sellers must engage in search to find a trading partner. We show that if goods are durable, the market itself may provide a natural sorting mechanism. In equilibrium, high-quality goods sell at a higher price than low-quality goods but also circulate longer. This accords with the common wisdom that sellers who want to sell fast may have to accept a lower price. We then compare the equilibrium outcomes under private information with those under complete information. Surprisingly, we find that for a large range of parameter values the quilibrium outcomes under the two information regimes coincide, despite the fact that circulation time is used to achieve separation. Received: August 24, 2000; revised version: October 24, 2000     

中国经济发展的投入产出效率研究

从投入产出角度,运用超效率三阶段DEA模型与Malmquist模型相结合的分析方法,修正了环境因素与随机因素的影响,从静态与动态的时间角度对2008_2012年我国30个省（市、自治区）经济发展效率进行分析。结果表明：从静态层面看,我国各省经济发展效率不容乐观,综合效率值较低,大约2/3省的经济发展都处于低效状态;经济发展效率受环境影响较大,剔除环境因素的影响后,各省综合效率均显著下降;三大区域中,东部地区经济发展效率仍处于领先地位,西部地区次之,中部地区最低,但整体来看区域间经济发展效率差异逐渐减小。从动态层面看,通过Malmquist模型分析,考察期间全要素效率和综合技术效率M值逐年下降,技术进步效率逐渐增长,且全要素效率下降的主要原因是纯技术效率下降。因此,各地区应该充分发挥优势,加快技术创新,提高规模效率,进一步提升发展水平。     

Rationalizability and equilibrium in N-person sequential bargaining

Summary. This paper deals with N-person sequential bargaining games with complete information. For N-person sequential bargaining games, uniqueness of the SPE has been obtained by allowing the players to exit with partial agreements. Adopting a non-equilibrium approach, we show that N-person sequential bargaining games with exit are solvable by a refinement of rationalizability for multi-stage games (trembling-hand rationalizability) whatever the impatience of the players. That is, once we adopt the non-equilibrium approach, the exit opportunity still fulfils its original aim: we achieve a unique solution by introducing the exit opportunity. Moreover, this unique solution is the unique SPE. Received: October 30, 1996; revised version: July 7, 1998     

A cognition paradigm clash: Simon,situated cognition and the interpretation of bounded rationality

Simon’s notion of bounded rationality is deeply intertwined with his activity as a cognitive psychologist and founder of so-called cognitivism, a mainstream approach in cognitive psychology until the 1980s. Cognitivism, understood as ‘symbolic information processing,’ provided the first cognitive psychology foundation to bounded rationality. Has bounded rationality since then fully followed the development of cognitive psychology beyond symbolic information processing in the post-Simonian era? To answer this question, this paper focuses on Simon’s opposition during the 1990s to a new (paradigmatic) view of cognition called situated cognition, which has since put into question the entire view in cognitive psychology of humans as symbolic information processors. This paper then reads the cognitivism/situated cognition debate through the lens of current bounded rationality research in economics, in order (i) to inquire into whether it has tackled the issues in that controversy; (ii) to envisage possible new foundations for a cognitive psychology-based bounded rationality.     

高校教师个性含义、意义及实现

教师个性是教师专业个性与教师自身个性的统一,由教育风格表现出来,是教师存在的方式。个性的教师才是完整的教师,才是有活力的教师。当代个性教育呼唤教师个性,要求培养个性的高校教师。因此,当前的高校应该强化个性教育观,弘扬教师个性;增强创新教育观,发展高校教师个性的独特性。     

基于TCP/IP的嵌入式WebServer网络测控系统设计

本文研究基于TCP/IP协议栈的嵌入式系统在网络智能设备中的测控应用设计。以Rabbit2000网络微处理器和Dynam ic C软件开发环境为例,阐述构建嵌入式W ebServer的具体技术及相关的实现方案;详细介绍了实现TCP、UDP报文进行网络通信、串行口数据通信和对网络智能设备的测控技术等,并给出系统硬件原理框图和有关软件实现的程序代码及流程图。