浅谈 GB 2828 的正确应用要素

主要阐明应用国家标准ＧＢ２８２８在保证验后被接收批具有期望的质量上的实用价值,指出正确应用ＧＢ２８２８的几个重要因素及与ＧＢ６３７８组合应用的好处。     

使用标准物质提高化学检测质量

介绍标准物质的概念,分类,用途等有关知识,主要是标准物质在化学检测中的监控和测量结果的显著性检验以及标准物的定值评分。     

Feasible implementation of taxation methods

This paper studies implementation of taxation methods in one-commodity environments in which the incomes of the agents are unknown to the planner. Feasibility out of equilibrium imposes that the mechanism depend on the environment. We present two mechanisms. The first one, which requires complete information, implements every taxation method in Nash, strong and coalition-proof equilibrium. The second, where informational requirements are relaxed, implements a large class of consistent and monotone methods in subgame perfect equilibrium. Neither mechanism employs the off-equilibrium devices used by the general theory. Under fully private information no method is implementable. Received: 12 March 1997 / Accepted: 21 July 1998     

Tax and green transport plans: a survey of UK experience

The widespread adoption of Green Transport Plans (GTPs) by employers has become an important aim of the UK government transport policy as it tries to find ways of reducing transport demand. However, the tax treatment of employee benefits that form part of many GTPs has been identified by the government and others as a potential barrier to their adoption. Based on telephone interviews with employers and meetings with tax and transport experts, this paper confirms this perception. It also explains precisely how tax forms a barrier to GTP implementation, reviews the approaches taken to this problem in three other countries and makes outline proposals for reform and further research.     

Modelling the hidden economy and the tax-gap in New Zealand

This paper develops and estimates a structural, latent variable, model for the hidden economy in New Zealand, and a separate currency-demand model. The estimated latent variable model is used to generate an historical time-series index of hidden economic activity, which is calibrated via the information from the currency-demand model. Special attention is paid to data non-stationarity, and to diagnostic testing. Over the period 1968 to 1994, the size of the hidden economy is found to vary between 6.8% and 11.3% of measured GDP. This, in turn, implies that the total tax-gap is of the order of 6.4% to 10.2% of total tax liability in that country. Of course, not all of this foregone revenue would be recoverable, as not all of the activity in the underground economy is responsive to changes in taxation or other policies. First version received: August 1997/Final version received: March 1999     

进一步完善我国现行增值税的思考

本文首先对现行增值税在实践中存在问题产生的不利于创造公平税收环境、不能体现宏观经济政策、造成税源流失的负面效应进行分析。进而进一步明确了完善现行增值税票要解决的认识问题。在此基础上提出了完善增值税的总体设想和具体措施, 即由生产型增值税向消费型增值税过渡、分阶段扩大增值税范围、减少增值税税收优惠、建立健全增值税征管制度。     

2005年汇改后人民币内外价值关系研究

对内价值与对外价值是人民币价值的不同表现形式,从长期看,变动的方向应该具有一致性。2005年7月到2010年6月的数据实证表明,人民币对内价值与对外价值之间并不存在着长期的均衡关系;对外价值是对内价值的Granger原因,而对内价值不是对外价值的Granger原因;对内价值对对外价值的影响是短期的,而对外价值对对内价值的影响是长期的;对外价值对对内价值波动的贡献度要比对内价值对对外价值波动的贡献度大的多。由此得到的启示是：重视并纠正人民币内外价值偏离问题、管理人民币对内价值要重视对外价值对它的影响、疏通人民币对内价值对对外价值的影响渠道。     

初始财富格局与居民可支配收入比重下降趋势

近年来,我国居民收入在国民可支配收入中的占比不断下降,理解这一问题的成因,是制定扩大内需、调整经济结构和完善收入分配制度等政策措施的基础。本文认为,尽管我国改革初始的财富格局(国有资产、土地、资源等集中在国家)对GDP增长没有影响,但对收入分配格局及变化趋势则有至关重要的影响。本文利用1997～2007年资金流量表,通过利息收入、土地出让金、国有企业利润等数据,对居民、企业和政府实际可支配收入项目进行了调整,并相应地还原了企业、政府和居民的可支配收入中资产收益的作用。结果发现,资产性收益对国民收入分配格局影响显著,也说明了财富格局比劳动力报酬更有解释力。因此,要从根本上扭转居民可支配收入比重不断下降的趋势,就必须改变目前国有财富占比过高的分配格局。     

"后农业税时代"的几点思考

现行农业税制度已不适应农村经济及国民经济发展的需要,它已经成为了农村经济发展及农民生活水平提高的障碍.取消农业税是解决"三农"问题、促进城乡协调发展、全面建设小康社会的一项具有历史性意义的举措,但它也同时带来了诸多问题 ,必须深化改革,通过制度创新来加以解决.     

论循环经济发展中相关税制的绿化问题

循环经济是一种关注资源减量、实现资源循环及再利用的生态经济.当前,我国经济增长要求与有限的资源和环境支持能力都要求大力发展循环经济,在此过程中政府的税收政策和优惠支持倍显重要.本文以此为基点,按照循环经济的内在要求,分析了国内循环经济发展中税制上存在的问题,并在借鉴国外先进经验基础上,提出了绿化现有相关税制的思路和对策.