On the joint Fourier–ESTAR testing of PPP

The purchasing power parity (PPP) is the hypothesis that the real exchange rate series are stationary. This study briefly reviews and applies six competing unit root test procedures to test PPP. Reflecting the existing literature, the results are mixed. The Kiliç test is the most favourable while the Kapetanios, Shin, and Snell (KSS) test is the least favourable to PPP and the standard ADF test lies in between. The same conclusion applies to the Fourier extensions of those three tests. The results support a recently suggested F-test for the significance of Fourier terms in unit root test equations.     

中国商业银行最优资本水平及其调整研究——基于部分调整模型和傅里叶单位根检验的分析

采用部分调整模型和傅里叶单位根检验对中国14家上市商业银行的最优资本水平进行研究,并估计出存在最优资本水平银行的最优资本比率值和资本调整速度。研究发现,大部分上市银行均存在最优资本水平,但不同类型和资产规模的银行在最优资本比率的目标变量选择方面有所差异。平均而言,大型商业银行最优资本水平较高,股份制银行最优资本水平较低。资本调整速度在银行间差异很大,自有资金比率调整速度最快,核心资本充足率和资本充足率调整速度较慢。     

Testing for Bubbles in Housing Markets: A Panel Data Approach

We employ recently developed cross-sectionally robust panel data tests for unit roots and cointegration to find whether house prices reflect house related earnings. We use U.S. data for Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with house price measured by the weighted-repeated-sales index and cash-flows by market tenants’ rents. In our full sample period, an error-correction model is not appropriate, i.e. there is a bubble. We then combine overlapping 10-year periods, price–rent ratios, and the panel data tests to construct a bubble indicator. The indicator is high for the late 1980s, early 1990s and since the late 1990s. Finally, evidence based on panel data Granger causality tests suggests that house price changes are helpful in predicting changes in rents and vice versa. CERGE-EI is a joint workplace of the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Charles University, and the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.     

Is integration I(d) applicable to observed economics and finance time series?

The method of cointegration in regression analysis is based on an assumption of stationary increments. Stationary increments with fixed time lag are called ‘integration I(d)’. A class of regression models where cointegration works was identified by Granger and yields the ergodic behavior required for equilibrium expectations in standard economics. Detrended finance market returns are martingales, and martingales do not satisfy regression equations. We ask if there exist detrended processes beyond standard regression models that satisfy integration I(d). We show that stationary increment martingales are confined to the Wiener process, and observe that martingales describing finance data admit neither the integration I(d) nor the ergodicity required for long time equilibrium relationships. In particular, the martingales derived from finance data do not admit the time (or ‘space’) translational invariance required for increment stationarity. Our analysis explains the lack of equilibrium observed earlier between FX rates and relative price levels.     

Efficiency,Cointegration and Contagion in Equity Markets: Evidence from China,Japan and South Korea*

This paper empirically examines whether three East Asian stock markets, namely, those of China, Japan and South Korea, are individually and/or jointly efficient, and whether contagion exists between the cointegrated markets. While individual market efficiency is examined through testing for the random walk hypothesis, joint market efficiency is examined through testing for cointegration and contagion. The present study finds that the hypothesis of individual market efficiency is strongly rejected for the Chinese stock market, but not for the Japanese and the South Korean stock markets. However, when testing for cointegration, market efficiency is strongly rejected for all these markets. We take a simple case of contagion and find that although there is a long‐term relationship among the three markets, the contagion hypothesis cannot be rejected only between Japanese and South Korean stock markets, indicating short‐run portfolio diversification benefits from these two markets.     

金融发展、制度演进与经济增长

根据内生增长理论,确定经济增长的影响因子,然后着重考察制度因素,将其与金融发展的指标变量建立回归模型,以此深入分析金融发展作用于经济增长的制度演进渠道。研究结果表明：无论在长期还是短期内．金融发展对制度演进的影响较大;并且金融中介对制度演进的作用明显要大于金融市场。     

二项式系列题目类解初探

二次函数是中学数学的重要内容之一,和它相关的内容,如:二次方程、二次不等式、二次三项式及二次函数的图像,构成了一个体系,称之为"二次式系列";本文主要在以下三个方面对这些题目的解法进行探讨:(一)求参数的范围;(二)根的存在情况的判别;(三)求最大、最小值;通过以上的讨论,以期提高中学生对此类题目的解题方法和解题技巧。     

探析英语中的性别歧视语

英语中的性别歧视语是性别歧视的观念在英语语言中的反映。它与宗教、文化及女性在社会中的分工角色等方面密不可分。本文从英语中性别歧视语的现象入手,分析其根源并提出了一些规避方法。     

An empirical analysis of international labour migration in the Philippines

This study empirically investigates the impact of economic, demographic, and political factors on the size of emigration from the Philippines. In 2007, overseas workers from the Philippines sent remittances in excess of US$14 billion annually to their families back home. Although these remittances are an important source of foreign exchange and play an important role in economic development, the determinants of emigration in the Philippines are not well established. A simple unrestricted error correction model of migration was specified and estimated using data spanning the period 1975–2005. Results indicate that the level of unemployment, adult literacy and population density are the key determinants of emigration in the Philippines. The result also indicates that government instability impacts negatively on emigration in the Philippines. The policy implications of the results are discussed.     

马克思主义中国化的历史文化渊源

本文从研究马克思主义同中国传统文化的关系入手,揭示了中国知识分子接受马克思主义理论的必然性,并进一步阐述了作为中国政治家的知识分子在传播运用马克思主义的同时使马克思主义逐步实现了中国化,成为指导中国革命和建设的科学理论。