如何引导小型矿山健康发展

小型矿山是矿产资源开发的重要形式,有其存在的必要性,但目前存在着诸多问题。要确保小型矿山健康发展,就要做到:①建立、完善相关法律法规和制度;②鼓励合理合法利用零星资源;③鼓励联合,科学推进资源整合;④编制小型矿山生产总体规划;⑤制定矿山环境恢复治理方案;⑥用好矿山环境恢复治理保证金;⑦建立矿山环境治理基金;⑧加强对小型矿山的监督管理;⑨加大宣传教育力度,重视人才培养,引进先进技术。     

渔民合作组织在小型渔业管理中的应用

随着小型渔业逐渐受到重视以及传统渔业管理方法弊端的显现,渔业管理者和学者开始研究适合小型渔业的管理方法,并把焦点集中在渔民参与型管理方法上,渔民合作组织就是参与型管理的一种具体形式。本文通过文献分析和走访调研,总结了小型渔业的定义和管理概况、研究了渔民合作组织的发展状况以及日本、土耳其和中国应用渔民合作组织管理小型渔业的案例,并结合中国渔民合作组织的现状,对中国改善小型渔业管理状况提出建议。     

Why do medium- and large-scale farmers succeed practicing CA and small-scale farmers often do not? – experiences from Paraguay

Conservation agriculture (CA) is defined as a system comprising no or minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop species diversification [FAO. (2014). What is Conservation Agriculture? FAO CA website, consulted on 15.09.2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html]. The vast majority of medium- and large-scale farmers in Paraguay and neighbouring countries (Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay) who use tractor-based farming systems have moved from conventional agriculture and adopted CA through no-tillage technologies. Among this farmer type, very few wish to return to the old system of tillage agriculture. However, despite massive efforts to transmit the technology to small-scale farmers by development aid projects and local governments, widespread adoption of CA has not happened on farms that use animal traction or manual farming systems; in fact significant dis-adoption of CA practices by smallholders has occurred. Some of the reasons for this dynamic are analysed in this paper. The reasons for dis-adoption by small-scale farmers can be generally divided into two groups. One group has to do with the fact that, comparatively, small-scale farmers are less able to cope with the factors related to CA (e.g. degraded soils, recuperating and maintaining soil fertility and know-how) than medium- and large-scale farmers. The second group of reasons has to do with the approaches and strategies that development aid agencies and local governments have taken towards small-scale farmers, which have influenced small-scale farmers’ ability to adopt and maintain CA practices. Small-scale farmers’ main asset is the soil and the CA/no-tillage system is a knowledge-based, learning-intensive system. However, despite the technical support provided by aid agencies and local governments, small-scale farmers often lack a deeper understanding of the CA concepts and practices. This is attributable to the short- to medium-term and rather conservative transfer-of-technology approaches that have been applied by development aid agency and local government programmes over the years, without any changes and without adaptive research. The latter can be derived, for instance, from the accountability of results to donor agencies or the one-size-fits-all approach applied in order to achieve ‘numbers’. One consequence of this is that ownership by and empowerment of farmers is often absent among dis-adopters. It therefore seems more suitable to apply long term, adaptable approaches to CA with smallholders. The lessons learned in Paraguay may well serve to properly direct future development intervention efforts in this country and also serve to mend development strategies in other countries in South and Central America, Africa or Asia.     

规模户与小农户差异视角的粮食生产生物农药采用研究——基于河南省688个粮农转换成本的分析

[目的]粮农生物农药采用对粮食生产的品质安全与生态安全意义重大。从规模户与小农户差异视角,探讨不同经营规模粮农采用生物农药的意愿及转换成本对其的影响,为提高粮农生物农药采用率、提升国家粮食安全水平精准施策提供参考。[方法]文章利用粮食主产区河南省688个粮食作物生产农户的调查数据,运用计划行为理论以及二元Logit回归模型,探讨不同规模粮农生物农药采用意愿以及转换成本对其的影响。[结果]粮农生物农药采用意愿总体较低,仅有39%的规模户和15%的小农户有意愿采用;转换成本显著制约了粮农的生物农药采用意愿;规模户生物农药采用意愿受信息成本、风险成本与财务支出的显著负向影响,小农户除此之外还受到学习成本、试验成本的显著负向影响。[结论]重点面向规模户,推进粮食生产经营规模化、实施生物农药性能提升、施用推广、施用激励等计划,降低转换成本,增强粮农生物农药采用。     

For the Environment: An Assessment of Recent Military Intervention in Informal Gold Mining Communities in Ghana

This article reflects critically on the impacts of the recent ban on artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech, labour-intensive mineral extraction and processing – in Ghana. Government officials claimed that a ban was necessary because the country’s ASM activities, most of which are found in the informal economy, pose a serious threat to local waterbodies and that security forces were needed for its enforcement. It is argued here, however, that projecting the ban and associated military intervention as actions taken specifically to protect the environment has helped the government escape scrutiny over its choice of strategy to combat illegal mining. Perhaps more importantly, it has masked what may be the real reasons behind these moves: 1) to help the government regain control of the purchasing side of an ASM sector that is now heavily populated and influenced by foreigners; and 2) to put it in an improved position to demarcate parcels of land to the multinational mineral exploration and mining companies that supply it with significant quantities of revenue in the form of taxes, royalties and permit fees.     

"两法合并"后利用避税地避税的趋势与对策

2008年我国开始实施统一的企业所得税法,这将对我国经济发展带来重大而深远的影响,企业利用避税地避税也将表现出新的动向。本文借鉴国际反避税经验,研究内、外资企业所得税合并后企业利用避税地避税可能出现的新趋势,并提出我国针对避税地避税应采取的对策。     

半工半耕家庭经济模式对村庄的影响研究——基于关中陈文村的调查

在对关中陈文村实地调查的基础上,运用质性研究方法深入探讨与分析半工半耕家庭经济模式对于村庄的影响,尝试解释两个问题:一是半工半耕家庭经济模式的形成及其意义;二是该种模式对于村庄的生活范围与关系模式、生活面向与生活预期、代际责任与伦理三个方面的影响。最后指出陈文村的生产生活方式对当前国家农村政策的启示意义,即国家在致力于农业现代化与产业化发展的同时,也应注重小农家庭生产的扶持与条件的改善。     

Crisis Management in Small-Scale Tourism

Summary

Since the events of September 2001, many tourism academics, analysts, and corporations have displayed attention toward crises in the tourism industry. Most attention has focussed on how nations and large tourism corporations cope with unforseen crises. However, when crisis strikes, it is indiscriminate, affecting small-scale tourism businesses also. This article analyses some popular crisis management models, and their applicability to smaller scale businesses. The small island of Gili Air in Indonesia is examined, and the crisis management techniques employed by owners and operators of small and micro tourism businesses. The results indicate that while these businesses face similar issues resulting from crises, they are ill equipped to produce long-term solutions.     

我国评估市场共生体系的构建——小型评估机构、评估咨询业务与小规模企业

评估机构是市场化的产物,市场需求决定了不同类型机构的价值取向。从共生元素、共生环境、共生模式等角度构建我国评估市场共生体系,小型评估机构有其存在的客观性和必要性,评估咨询业务是小型评估机构生存和发展的基础,小规模企业是小型评估机构走专业化发展道路的理性选择。     

转型期中小企业诚信问题研究

经济体制转轨期必然出现适应新体制的制度稀缺、伦理失范。我国转型期中小企业非诚信行为产生的原因,主要有认识上的模糊、制度上的缺陷、宣传上的不足以及对失信行为惩治不严等。