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991.
Valentin Zahrnt 《International Trade Journal》2013,27(4):361-398
The observation has frequently been made that uncertainty about the legal meaning and the economic and political effects of WTO agreements exert a discouraging effect on the progress of multilateral trade negotiations. This article identifies the determinants of uncertainty and risk in the WTO. It also examines changes in these determinants over time, pointing to increasing levels of uncertainty and risk. The argument is based on a series of interviews conducted with members of national delegations to the WTO and with WTO employees. 相似文献
992.
邓旭 《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2012,(6):68-73
贸易与环境谈判中需要权衡WTO规则与MEAs规则中对发展中国家待遇的差异。WTO规则的S&D已经转变为发展中国家履行义务的非互惠待遇,而MEAs的共同但有区别原则(CBDR)确认了发展中国家承担义务的差别待遇,两者的差异甚为明显。发展为我国当前核心利益,我国应该稳妥参与贸易与环境的谈判,但不宜积极推动谈判的进程。 相似文献
993.
Ying Wang Zhiyong Yang Mahmut Yasar 《Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de lu0027Administration》2020,37(4):495-512
Previous research shows mixed findings about how cultural distance may affect bilateral trade. To reconcile the mixed findings, we examine how key moderators at both the country-pair level (product type) and the country level (uncertainty avoidance) affect the magnitude of the effect of cultural distance on bilateral trade. Using trade data on electronic products from 90 nations during 2008–2 014, we show that cultural distance in general has a negative impact on bilateral trade. However, the effect is more pronounced when the trade is on experience (versus search) products, or if the importing country is low (versus high) in uncertainty avoidance. Apart from its moderating effect, experience (versus search) product also has a negative main effect on bilateral trade, but its impact is stronger for countries low (versus high) in uncertainty avoidance. 相似文献
994.
余良晖 《中国国土资源经济》2007,20(2):13-15
世界天然气资源的资源量、生产量、消费量、贸易量都在稳步增长。价格也随石油价格的暴涨而上涨。天然气作为石油替代能源,在能源资源中的地位越来越重要。世界天然气资源主要集中在中东、俄罗斯等少数国家和地区,由于各种原因,其贸易尚未形成一个有效的全球市场,不安定因素依然存在。如价格波动、资源争夺和垄断、价格上涨等都会对天然气工业和贸易的正常发展带来一定的负面影响。 相似文献
995.
In horticultural markets, trade barriers often apply to the processed products whereas domestic support applies to farm-produced raw commodities. Here we assess the effects of such trade barriers and domestic support by simulating the effects of policy reform on global processing tomato markets, which are faced with modest processed product tariffs and high domestic support in the European Union (EU). Both protection and EU subsidy drive down world welfare, but we find that reducing import tariffs for tomato products would yield greater effects on markets and larger welfare impacts outside Europe than would reductions in EU domestic support. 相似文献
996.
EU enlargement and the recent sovereign‐debt crisis of Euro zone countries have revived the debate around the (European Monetary Union) EMU. In this article we ask how informal barriers to agricultural and food trade have changed since the introduction of the common European currency, and whether this evolution can be attributed to monetary integration. We focus on the foreign trade of the 11 EMU founder countries over a nine‐year period covering the creation of the EMU and find a diminishing marginal trade impact of both information and institutional barriers. We find a lower level of trade barriers, but cannot attribute this outcome to the introduction to the Euro. 相似文献
997.
Mariah Dolsen Ehmke Alessandro Bonanno Kathryn Boys Trenton G. Smith 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2019,63(4):685-700
In this review, we contextualise the articles in this special issue, relating them to existing food fraud research, and identify food fraud research trends, challenges and priorities for the near term. We accomplish these aims through a comprehensive review of research by food scientists, economists, other social scientists, legal experts, government research groups and international trade organisations. Existing food fraud research is heavily weighted towards food science, packaging and labelling, and legal areas of knowledge discovery. Moving forward, research is needed pertaining to general economic welfare outcomes from food fraud incidences, economic incentives to deter frauds, economic spillovers from fraud incidences to other food products and markets (domestic and international) and further delineation of the effect of different types of food fraud on consumer and producer welfare. The articles in this special issue make significant contributions to understanding of the role of food fraud in consumer decisions, measuring consumer welfare losses from fraud, food fraud spillover effects to other markets and new frameworks for fraud analysis. 相似文献
998.
Trade is an integral part of the Canadian economy. The main institutional drivers governing trade are bilateral and multilateral agreements outlining permissible trade distorting measures. Since its inception in 1972, Canada's supply management system has remained protected throughout trade negotiations. The system appears, by any economic measure, to be having an increasingly disproportional influence in recent trade negotiations. However, trade agreements serve not only to maximize social surplus, but also to maximize some measure of political welfare. Canada has recently negotiated three prominent trade agreements: the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) came into effect in the latter part of 2017; the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) came into effect at the end of 2018; and the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) could come into effect in 2020. Collectively, these agreements have guaranteed increased market access for fresh and processed dairy products. We build a spatial partial equilibrium model of the Canadian dairy industry consisting of three regions and 10 commodities to assess the individual and cumulative effect of these trade agreements. We pay particular attention to the institutional drivers within today's dairy sector: milk protein isolates; component pricing, including Class 7; and differential demand growth. We find that the aggregate impacts are: (a) a 1.4% decrease in the marginal retail price; (b) a 4.8% decrease in the blended producer price; and (c) an overall increase in social welfare of 7.8%. Worth noting, the decrease in producer surplus varies from 0.7% in the western region to 1.5% in Ontario. Our results may be relevant to future negotiations as well as the publicly promised compensation package for dairy producers. 相似文献
999.
国际贸易的新制度经济学分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
主流经济学对国际贸易的理论研究一直是沿着“比较优势”这一主线进行的,目前还没有一个理论能很好地解释全部的贸易现象,与当代贸易现实更存在较大差异,因为严格的理论假设简化掉了很多重要因素,而这正是新制度经济学所重点关注的问题,本文将交易成本理论引进到贸易理论研究中来。并在生产成本和贸易成本的基础上提出了制度成本和制度收益的概念,力图使贸易研究更接近现实。 相似文献
1000.
我国贸易顺差变动的规模和结构分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
近年来,随着我国进出口贸易的高速增长,我国贸易顺差规模也持续扩大。扩大的贸易顺差在推动我国经济稳定增长的同时,也促使近年来诸多的贸易摩擦,使我国对外贸易环境趋紧。本文从规模和结构两方面对我国近十年贸易顺差的变化进行全面的实证分析,从而对其变动的路径和结果得出一个更加客观的结论。 相似文献