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81.
When testing for the equality of two distributions in a case-control design with treatment effects presumed to act possibly
on more than one aspect, different tests may be properly considered for testing for different features of a null hypothesis,
leading to the multiple aspect testing issue. Two different aspects are therefore of interest: the location-aspect, based
on the comparison of location indexes, and the distributional-aspect, based on the comparison of the empirical distribution
functions. A simulation study shows that the combined testing procedure exhibits a good robust overall performance, and an
application in biomedical research is also presented. 相似文献
82.
The problem of comparing the precisions of two instruments using repeated measurements can be cast as an extension of the Pitman-Morgan problem of testing equality of variances of a bivariate normal distribution. Hawkins (1981) decomposes the hypothesis of equal variances in this model into two subhypotheses for which simple tests exist. For the overall hypothesis he proposes to combine the tests of the subhypotheses using Fisher's method and empirically compares the component tests and their combination with the likelihood ratio test. In this paper an attempt is made to resolve some discrepancies and puzzling conclusions in Hawkins's study and to propose simple modifications.
The new tests are compared to the tests discussed by Hawkins and to each other both in terms of the finite sample power (estimated by Monte Carlo simulation) and theoretically in terms of asymptotic relative efficiencies. 相似文献
The new tests are compared to the tests discussed by Hawkins and to each other both in terms of the finite sample power (estimated by Monte Carlo simulation) and theoretically in terms of asymptotic relative efficiencies. 相似文献
83.
Nonpoint Source Pollution Taxes and Excessive Tax Burden 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
If a regulator is unable to measure firms’ individual emissions, an ambient tax can be used to achieve the socially desired
level of pollution. With this tax, each firm pays a unit tax on aggregate emissions. In order for the tax to be effective,
firms must recognize that their decisions affect aggregate emissions. When firms behave strategically with respect to the
tax-setting regulator, under plausible circumstances their tax burden is lower under an ambient tax, relative to the tax which
charges firms on the basis of individual emissions. Firms may prefer the case where the regulator is unable to observe individual
firm emissions, even if this asymmetric information causes the regulator to tax each firm on the basis of aggregate emissions. 相似文献
84.
Paul Ekins 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1995,6(3):231-277
One approach to the economic analysis of global warming seeks to balance the costs of damage from or adaptation to it with the costs of mitigating it. The costs of adaptation and damage have been estimated using techniques of environmental evaluation, but are subject to a wide margin of uncertainty. The costs of mitigation, principally by reducing the emissions of CO2, have been estimated using different kinds of economic models, some of the results of which have suggested that very little abatement of carbon emissions is justified before the costs of abatement exceed the benefits of it in terms of foregone damage and adaptation costs. The paper analyses the extent to which this conclusion is a function of the modelling assumptions and techniques used, rather than likely practical outcomes, with regard to the models' treatment of unemployed resources, revenue recycling, prior distortions in the economy due to the tax system and possible dynamic effects from the introduction of a carbon-energy tax. It concludes that, with different and arguably more appropriate treatment of the above issues, especially when the secondary benefits of reducing CO2 emissions are also taken into account, it is not clear that even substantial reductions in the use of fossil fuels will incur net costs, especially if there is the prospect of even moderate costs from global warming. 相似文献
85.
Summary. In this paper, we establish the most possilbe general formulation of the technology governing carbon-gas emission, giving
rise to global external diseconomies, and ty to explore into the strategic interactions,both domestic and international, when
an individual country decides on the environmental policies. Through the comparison among emission taxes, quotas, and standard
in the perfectly competitive private economies, we find that the first two policies are equivalent but they are different
in effects by virtue of what we may call the tax-exemption effect of emission standards. Such a difference in the policy effect
further affects the other country's welfare through the global externalities, amplified through whether the government can
precommit to either the emission tax or the emission standard.
Received: January 16, 2001; revised version: April 16, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" The authors thank the valuable comments by an anonymous referee. Ministry of Education and Science for its financial
support is also greatly acknowledged.
Correspondence to:K. Kiyono 相似文献
86.
87.
2007年3月14日,提交全国人大审议的企业所得税法草案规定,将内外资企业所得税税率统一为25%,法定税率由33%降低了8个百分点。外资实际税率要从15%变成25%,内资要从33%下降到25%。大多数的声音是,这项政策对外资企业是一种公平合理的国民待遇,对内资企业则是一种重要的激励。这将会使市场竞争朝着更加公平的方向发展。本文通过对这项具有里程碑意义的税改政策出台的背景、影响等方面加以综合分析,并归纳整理了该政策出台后理论界、业界的不同观点,为新税制的发展提供了展望。 相似文献
88.
我国省际间财政差异趋势与影响因素的实证研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文通过1980-2005年间的样本数据,揭示1980年以来我国省际间财政差异的变化趋势,以及这种变化趋势的影响因素.我们的研究表明,在财政收入方面,受地区经济差异加大的影响,1994年以后财政收入差异有扩大态势,而分税制改革有助于缩小省际间财政收入差异.在财政支出方面,1995年以后财政支出差异呈上升趋势,这是地区间经济发展水平差异与分税制共同作用的结果,但是前者的作用远远大于后者.因此,缩小省际间财政差异的途径除转移支付外,还应当主要致力于缩小省际间经济发展水平差异. 相似文献
89.
OECD税制绿色化与我国之借鉴 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
OECD成员国在实现税制绿色化方面采取的值得我国借鉴的措施有:取消或修正现行扭曲性的补贴和税收条款,调整现行税制,开征新的环境税.基于对我国现实国情的考虑,将实现税制绿色化的重点放在开征新的环境税-环境污染税和某些资源税上,并以改革现行税制与逐步消除对环境不利的补贴政策辅助之. 相似文献
90.
金融工具会计准则交易税制设计的思考 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了规范金融工具的确认和计量,反映金融工具对金融机构财务状况和经营成果所带来的真实影响,揭示其潜在风险,提高金融机构的会计信息的质量,新颁布的金融工具会计准则采用公允价值计量,并将损益纳入当期损益。本文分析了此举对我国税制所产生的影响,并对金融工具交易的税制设计提出了设想。 相似文献