Commodity prices as payment vehicles in valuation experiments

Many contingent valuation experiments use commodity prices as the payment vehicle. In this note it is shown, in general, that this approach does not allow the investigator to extract the respondent's willingness to pay. However, it is also shown how the valuation question can be formulated so as to yield a commodity price payment vehicle which is equivalent to a lump sum payment.The idea for this paper came while teaching the Royal Economic Society Easter School in Birmingham (March/April 1995). I am grateful to my students for stimulating discussions and comments on the subject. Kerry Smith provided me with (as always) insightful comments on an     

Deaths and hospitalisation from fireworks injuries

Statement of the Problem Little is known about the severity of fireworks injuries and no international reviews have been conducted. This study aimed to document and describe the severity of fireworks injuries and the implications for prevention in several countries. Method This retrospective epidemiological study of fireworks-related deaths and hospitalisations obtained injury surveillance data and vital statistics from Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United States. Of three further countries approached, none was able to supply the full dataset. Results From 1991 to 1995, there were 22 deaths involving fireworks in the United States, 5 in the Netherlands and none in Australia or New Zealand. Except in 1994, the Netherlands had higher admission rates from fireworks injuries than Australia, New Zealand and the United States. Overall, Australia experienced the lowest admission rates. Australian injuries may also have been less severe. Males and children <15 years of age accounted for most admissions. Fatal injuries were mostly to males aged 15-44 years. Conclusions Deaths from fireworks injuries are rare in Australia and New Zealand. Differences in rates and in some characteristics of admitted cases were observed between countries. This study should serve as a benchmark and a pilot to future studies. International comparisons will require enhanced epidemiological data, possibly by collaborative prospective data collection, with appropriate quality control, rather than routinely collected data. Such studies should include developing countries, where the manufacture and use of fireworks is widespread. Since differences may relate to regulatory control and exposure, these should be documented.     

抗烟物流与送货线路优化

根据杭州烟草物流配送网络信息化建设发展目标,对杭烟城区6400多户卷烟零售网点送货线路优化这一核心问题展开深刻的剖析与描述。内容包括杭烟物流配送服务现状、线路优化问题的难点与创新点、线路优化调度的具体实施方法,以及系统实现后的前景展望等。     

基于蚁群算法的装车地直达重载运输优化模型求解算法研究

针对装车地直达重载运输优化模型变量多,结构复杂,用传统数学方法难以求解的困难,构建了一类解构造图来描述该问题,并采用蚁群算法来求解.仿真试验结果表明,该算法具有较好的寻优能力,是解决装车地直达重载运输优化问题的有效算法.     

基于车辆调度与优化配送的网络物流信息系统设计

论述了现代物流中心的功能，分析了物流信息系统的需求，设计了网络物流信息系统的总体框架，并对货物配送流程和车辆调度监控系统进行了详细的分析和设计。     

解读美国最新的智能电网政策

美国国家科学和技术委员会2011年6月发布了“21世纪电网的政策框架：确保未来的能源安全”报告。综合美国电力行业的发展现状，解读了美国最新的智能电网政策的4个支柱。分析认为，该政策的实施需要联邦和州政府、监管者、决策者、电力公司、产品开发商及消费者在智能电网的发展中发挥作用，在具体如何进行智能电网的开发与部署方面，参与各方应具有一定的灵活性。     

汽车驾驶模拟器控制系统设计

在汽车驾驶模拟器中,传感控制系统的性能直接影响到整个汽车驾驶模拟系统的交互性和实时性,是衡量汽车驾驶模拟器实用性能的重要指标。而数据采集和处理系统又是整个传感控制系统的核心。基于单片机的数据采集系统成本相对较低,接口的可扩展性好,同时,模拟量和开关量的预处理工作也可以由单片机来完成。系统完全可以满足汽车驾驶模拟器的交互性和实时性要求,在实际应用中取得了较好的效果。     

免疫算法在应急物流配送车辆优化调度中的应用

应急物流是处理各类突发事件对物资、人员的需求进行紧急保障的一种特殊物流活动？文章根据应急物流的特点，将免疫算法用于应急物流车辆调度研究中，同时通过算例，证明用免疫算法优化车辆行驶路径的有效性和可行性。     

一种基于深度学习的交通标志识别新算法

针对特定场景交通标志精度低与识别速度慢的问题,基于交通标志边缘信息与卷积神经网络,提出了一种交通标志图像识别T-YOLO算法。该算法基于YOLOv2算法检测思想,融合残差网络、卷积层填充0等结构,下采样舍弃池化层改用卷积层,并提取边缘信息与上采样以提升精度,设计7层特征提取网络以缩短识别速度,随后使用Softmax函数归一化实现多分类,并采用批量归一化、多尺度训练等方法缩短训练时间。实验表明,该算法真实有效,图形处理单元（Graphic Processing Unit,GPU）平台上最快检测速度13.69 ms/frame,每帧缩短9.51 ms,最高平均准确率97.3%,提高7.1%,满足实时高精度识别要求。与其他算法相比,该算法在交通标志识别速度与精度方面均有大幅提高,更加适用于现实场景,更贴近车载嵌入式系统。     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的无人机定位

无人机的移动定位是应对无人机机动性和应用环境复杂性的关键技术。为解决无人机中的全球定位系统（GPS）信号失效问题,提出了一种通过机载无线射频的接收信号强度解决定位问题的技术,分别采用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法估计距离和最小二乘方法估计路径损耗因子两种处理方法。理论分析和实验测试结果证实所提算法对有色噪声干扰下的接收信号有较好的增强效果,基于80%的置信水平,新算法相对于白噪声模型将估算误差从9.5 m减少到了4 m,还进一步提供了融合惯性导航的算法。