北京市食用油消费调查及消费者需求偏好研究

对北京市一般食用油和高端食用油的消费现状、消费者需求偏好进行了深入研究,提出了北京市食用油企业市场发展的合理建议。一般食用油消费主要集中在花生油、大豆油和调和油,高端食用油消费主要集中在橄榄油和山茶油。一般食用油消费者偏好食用油的营养价值和功效,而高端食用油消费者偏好产品品牌。调查结果可为食用油经营者提供决策依据,为进驻食用油市场的商家提供参考。     

时间偏好、跨期选择不一致及其神经基础

时间偏好是跨期选择行为研究中一个至关重要的依据,19世纪的经济学家们通过对它的定性分析形成了一套系统的古典时间偏好理论。直到1937年萨缪尔森提出指数贴现模型并成为新古典时间偏好理论的核心技术手段,新古典时间偏好理论得以成为跨期选择问题的主流分析框架。但因其高度理性的假定,指数贴现模型也一直饱受诟病和质疑,几乎每一个关键假设都有系统的实证结果与之相悖。20世纪80年代行为经济学的兴起,行为经济学家们肯定认知偏差的存在并引入了贴现率递减的双曲线贴现模型完成了对许多市场异象的解释,加之神经经济学和神经影像学的发展为时间偏好不一致提供了神经基础,时间偏好的研究迎来了新篇章。文章将对这些研究成果进行较为全面的回顾与评述,借以推动国内时间偏好理论研究的发展。     

中国地方民生性支出为何不足？

当前,我国地方民生性支出不足导致基本公共服务呈现失衡状态.文章建立一个简单的博弈模型,分析了地方政府的财政支出偏好及财政资源的纵向不均衡对地方公共服务的影响.研究发现,GDP式的晋升锦标赛激励更多地发生在市、县等低层级地方政府,导致经济性支出挤占民生性支出;分税制改革后的中央—地方、上级—下级的财政制度安排导致越底层的地方政府民生性支出能力越弱.     

非经济性公共物品需求的实证检验——基于省级面板数据

文章利用2003—2010年中国内地地区29个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,估计了4类非经济性公共物品居民需求函数,实证检验与公共支出需求相关的因素,并分析非经济性公共物品的政府供给与居民需求的匹配指数.实证结果显示:非经济性公共物品需求与人均收入,人口规模和城市规模比重正相关.收入增加对教育,医疗和环境保护需求也在不断增加.居民税收负担增加,居民对公共服务的偏好就越小,但从总体上来讲,非经济公共物品供给矛盾在逐步缓解.     

A comparison and evaluation of research methods used in consumer food safety studies

Worldwide incidence of food‐borne disease has increased in recent years and data suggest that inadequate food‐handling behaviour in the domestic environment may be an important factor. As a consequence of this, research into aspects of consumer food safety has been undertaken, especially in the UK and USA. The overall aims of conducting such research have been to investigate aspects of consumer food safety behaviour and to utilize information in the development of effective food safety education initiatives. In the past 25 years, 87 consumer food safety studies have been undertaken using different research methodologies; 75% utilized survey techniques (questionnaires and interviews), 17% were based on direct observation, and 8% utilized focus groups. The advantages and disadvantages of the different research methods used are discussed. Similarly, different forms of reliability and validity have been considered in the context of each research method used. A comparison of results from consumer food safety studies has shown that use of different research designs and approaches has resulted in differences in the findings about consumer food safety behaviour. Survey responses have provided a more optimistic portrayal of consumer food safety behaviour than data obtained from focus groups and direct observation. Although consumers have demonstrated knowledge, positive attitudes and intentions to implement safe practices, substantially larger proportions of consumers have been observed to implement frequent malpractices. This suggests that observational data provide the most reliable information denoting consumers’ actual food safety behaviour and should be used preferentially with risk‐based data for the design of communication strategies.     

抵押、个人信用制度与消费信贷

本文分析了抵押和个人信用制度在消费信贷发展中的作用。抵押能够减轻逆向选择和道德风险,弥补银行损失,因此有助于消费信贷发展。但本文认为,抵押对于违约风险的规避是有限的,而且抵押成为了市场准入限制,限制了消费信贷规模。从这个角度来看,个人信用制度的作用在于它进一步提高了违约成本,减少了理性违约的可能性;信用报告构成了信誉抵押品,部分替代了实物抵押品,减轻了信贷配给的程度。     

分销渠道建设的出发点反思

传统企业在建立自己的销售渠道时的出发点是站在消费者需要的服务层次的基础上,随着时代的变化,科技的发展,消费者的变化,这个出发点已经不能再适合企业建立渠道的需要,渠道的建立以消费者的渠道偏好为出发点成为未来的大趋势。     

The impact of restructuring and deregulation on gas rates

This article evaluates the impact of consumer choice programs, price caps, and sliding scale plans on consumer prices of gas using a custom survey of public service commissions and data from the Department of Energy. A seemingly unrelated regressions model estimates residential, commercial and industrial prices jointly, controlling for potentially endogenous demand. Consumer choice programs are estimated to lower residential and commercial prices significantly, by bringing competition to markets with smaller consumers. Prices fall even before deregulation as utilities build consumer loyalty and fight competition. Sliding scale plans are estimated to lower prices of small consumers while raising industrial prices. Price caps lead to overall higher prices, with unclear ranking across consumer classes.      

Dynamic interaction of risk–return trade-offs between oil market and China’s stock market: An analysis from the risk preferences perspective

The risk–return trade-off refers to the compensation required by investors for bearing risks, which can be viewed as the risk preference of investors in a market. The current study investigates the dynamic interdependence of risk–return trade-offs between China’s stock market and the crude oil market from the perspective of risk preference of investors, which is designed to explore the transmission process of investors’ risk preference in both markets. Specifically, this study applies the time-varying parameter GARCH-M model, namely TVP-GARCH-M model, to characterize the time-dependent risk–return trade-offs (investors’ risk preferences) in the crude oil and China’s stock markets, then examines their relationship through Granger causality tests. Results show that a variation in risk preferences of the oil market investors can dramatically cause a variation in risk preferences of the Chinese stock market investors, while the risk preference of investors in the Chinese stock market does not lead to that in the crude oil market, which is in accordance with expectations. The dynamic effect of investors’ risk appetite in the crude oil market is further examined by the TVP-VAR model. The findings of this work suggest that there generally exists a positive impact of investors’ risk preference in the oil market and that the effect is time-varying to a greater degree during the short and medium term. Moreover, responses of the Chinese stock market investors’ risk preference were more significant during the 2008 financial crisis. Additionally, the empirical results remain robust when applying alternative crude oil prices and China’s stock prices.     

On the nature and role of financial systems in Keynes’s entrepreneurial economies

In his debate with Bertil Ohlin, Keynes observed that entrepreneurs, when deciding to invest, have to be sure they will access the amount of finance necessary to initiate the investment process and that they will be able, when the time comes, to fund their debts in ways that are adequate to the profile of assets they are purchasing. In this statement, Keynes outlines the functions of financial systems in Entrepreneurial Economies, the type of economies he hypothesizes we live in. In entrepreneurial economies, investing firms have to be able to get hold of the necessary amount of means of payment required to purchase or order investment goods and to build balance sheets where in- and outflows of cash are broadly matched within reasonable margins of safety. This means that financial systems’ primary role in Keynesian economics is not to allocate savings or capital but to allocate liquidity and to allow investors to build liquid balance sheets. The article develops this proposition, presenting Keynes's basic concepts on the matter and showing how modern financial systems perform their role.