A NOTE ON ARBITRAGE AND CLOSED CONVEX CONES

We give an example of a subspace K of     such that     , where     denotes the closure with respect to convergence in probablity. On the other hand, the cone   C ≔ K − L ^∞₊  is dense in   L ^∞  with respect to the weak-star topology  σ( L ^∞, L ¹)  . This example answers a question raised by I. Evstigneev. The topic is motivated by the relation of the notion of no arbitrage and the existence of martingale measures in Mathematical Finance.     

日本转移定价税制研究

转移价格是指跨国关联企业之间进行交易时使用的价格。70年代以后，随着日本经济实力的增强，日本企业经营国际化迅猛发展，出现了许多利用国际关联企业转移所得而避税的情况，而日本有关跨国公司转移定价的税制的实施，使这一避税现象得到了了的避免。随着我国加入WTO后外资的更多进入，加强转移定价的管理势在民行，学习发达国家的先进做法，将有助于我们在这方面少走弯路。     

A Nonstandard Approach to Option Pricing

Nonstandard probability theory and stochastic analysis, as developed by Loeb, Anderson, and Keisler, has the attractive feature that it allows one to exploit combinatorial aspects of a well-understood discrete theory in a continuous setting. We illustrate this with an example taken from financial economics: a nonstandard construction of the well-known Black-Scholes option pricing model allows us to view the resulting object at the same time as both (the hyperfinite version of) the binomial Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model (that is, a hyperfinite geometric random walk) and the continuous model introduced by Black and Scholes (a geometric Brownian motion). Nonstandard methods provide a means of moving freely back and forth between the discrete and continuous points of view. This enables us to give an elementary derivation of the Black-Scholes option pricing formula from the corresponding formula for the binomial model. We also devise an intuitive but rigorous method for constructing self-financing hedge portfolios for various contingent claims, again using the explicit constructions available in the hyperfinite binomial model, to give the portfolio appropriate to the Black-Scholes model. Thus, nonstandard analysis provides a rigorous basis for the economists' intuitive notion that the Black-Scholes model contains a built-in version of the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model.     

Futures and forward price differential and the effect of marking‐to‐market: Australian evidence

The objective of this paper is to examine the effects of marking‐to‐market of futures contracts on the price differential between futures and forward contracts based on the predictions of the Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (1981) (CIR) model. Cox et al ., (1981) derive a series of propositions with respect to the relationship between futures and forward prices and a set of testable implications. These are tested empirically in this paper using Australian data from November 1991 to June 1997. The results provide evidence of the presence of significant futures and forward price differences, where the futures price is consistently below the forward price. Only partial support is found for the Cox et al ., (1981) propositions, implying that the effect of marking‐to‐market is not able to fully account for the price differential. Therefore, it is not possible to rule out the influence of other institutional factors on the futures‐forward price difference.     

存货计价会计舞弊行为的审计

作为费用成本核算链上的重要一环——存货，是企业流动资产中占用比例最大、流动性最弱的项目。其种类繁多，收发频繁，经历采购、入库、保管、领发、使用等一些列生产经营过程，在企业滞留时间长，核算使用的账户多，内部流转和结算关系复杂，利用存货虚增资产、虚减税金、虚计损益的舞弊极易形成，而存货核算舞弊的手段之一便是利用存货计价的可选择性进行账户调节。因此，通过专门的审计方法与技巧来查找存货计价的舞弊原因与手段，对遏制会计信息失真有着重要意义。     

高新技术产业化中风险投资问题的实物期权分析

高新技术产业由于具有投资的不可逆性和很大的收益不确定性,因此不能采用传统的净现值方法来评估是否对其投资。本论文在分析高新技术产业特点的基础上,提出了嵌入期权的现金流量图评估方法,并且根据经验法则求出了风险投资公司应占高新技术企业的股份。     

中国上市公司配股定价问题探讨

根据配股过程中的股东利益的变化,对全流通和股权分置条件下的配股定价分别建立数理模型进行分析,建立了不同条件下的配股定价模型,求得对应的合理定价区间,并据此对2003-2005年配股的44家公司进行了实证研究,验证了我国配股定价普遍高估的结论,并发现市场对定价高估具有一定的识别能力.     

考虑消费者行为的易逝品动态定价研究

在消费者有限理性行为上考虑其策略型和短视型的不同特征,在非理性行为上考虑支付意愿、风险偏好及参考价格三个衡量维度,综合构建消费者效用函数,研究了在消费者行为异质作用下,易逝品零售商的动态定价,并运模拟算例对上述研究进行了演算。研究表明：消费者风险偏好程度较高时,零售商收益会随着策略消费者比例和消费者估值折扣系数的增大而减小,风险偏好较低时可缓解或消除策略消费者的不利影响;零售商的最优定价策略为降价策略;第二阶段消费者产品获得率会对零售商收益产生影响。     

Giffen goods and market making

Summary. This paper shows that information effects per se are not responsible for the Giffen goods anomaly affecting traders demands in multi asset noisy, rational expectations equilibrium markets. The role that information plays in traders strategies also matters. In a market with risk averse, uninformed traders, informed agents have a dual trading motive: speculation and market making. The former entails using prices to assess the effect of error terms; the latter requires employing them to disentangle noise traders demands within aggregate orders. In a correlated environment this complicates the signal extraction problem and may generate upward sloping demand curves. Assuming (i) that competitive, risk neutral market makers price the assets or that (ii) uninformed traders risk tolerance coefficient grows unboundedly, removes the market making component from informed traders demands rendering them well behaved in prices.Received: 30 April 2002, Revised: 3 December 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: G100, G120, G140.Support from the Barcelona Economics Program of CREA and the Ente per gli Studi Monetari e Finanziari Luigi Einaudi, are gratefully acknowledged. I thank Anat Admati, Jordi Caballé, Giacinta Cestone, and Xavier Vives for useful suggestions. The comments provided by the Associate Editor and an anonymous referee greatly improved the papers exposition.     

政府与企业在排污权定价中的演化稳定策略研究

本文从动态博弈的视角分析了政府与企业在排污权价格制定上的策略演化,获得了与现实世界较为拟合的演化稳定策略,对政府制定公平有效的排污权定价模式提供了可资借鉴的参考。