浅谈如何有效控制第二语言学习中学习者的焦虑感

情感因素对外语教学具有重大的影响,焦虑作为最重要的情感因素之一,对外语学习者的外语学习有很大的影响.过于焦虑会对学习者带来很大的压力从而影响外语学习过程及效果.文章阐述了焦虑产生的背景、定义,焦虑的分类,并从语言学习者、教师、教学过程这几个方面分析了焦虑产生的原因及焦虑对外语学习的影响,并提出了控制焦虑感的适当途径.     

中小企业授信额度确定方法探究

商业银行把支持中小企业发展,培育银行基本客户群作为授信业务工作的重点之一。在实际操作中,确定授信额度的基本依据非常重要,既可以防止企业挪用授信导致风险,又可以支持中小企业正常经营,按时偿还到期授信。     

Approximation approach for the performance analysis of production lines under a kanban discipline

In a JIT production environment, pull-type control systems are usually implemented to reduce the lead time and to synchronize the production rate with the demand rate. The design of an effective production control system requires easy and reliable approaches for evaluating the effect of the major system parameters on its performance.In this paper we model the kanban control system of a manufacturing line as a Markov process. In addition, we develop an approximation approach to the model that permits reliable evaluation of manufacturing system performance in terms of throughput time and work-in-process. The validation of the approach is implemented by comparing the exact results (based on discrete event simulation) and the approximated results.A good approximation is observed for a large range of conditions.     

Introduction

Abstract

During the past few years Scandinavian historians have felt a growing need for a journal of economic and social history in which the results of research and reviews of literature in these fields might be published. This need reflects an increasing interest in economic and social history in these countries. It is against this background that the publication of the first number of an inter-Scandinavian periodical for economic and social history should be seen.     

Imperfect competition in financial markets and capital structure

We consider a model of corporate finance with imperfectly competitive financial intermediaries. Firms can finance projects either via debt or via equity. Because of asymmetric information about firms’ growth opportunities, equity financing involves a dilution cost. Nevertheless, equity emerges in equilibrium whenever financial intermediaries have sufficient market power. In the latter case, best firms issue debt while the less profitable firms are equity-financed. We also show that strategic interaction between oligopolistic intermediaries results in multiple equilibria. If one intermediary chooses to buy more debt, the price of debt decreases, so the best equity-issuing firms switch from equity to debt financing. This in turn decreases average quality of equity-financed pool, so other intermediaries also shift towards more debt.     

Adverse inclusion of asymmetric advertisers in position auctions

Product listing platforms commonly use generalized second-price auctions to select competing advertisers for limited ad positions. However, when advertisers are asymmetric, position auctions may confound the post-auction competition structure and thus endogenize the bidders’ values of the ad positions. We build an analytical model to examine the impact of position auctions on an asymmetric market structure, which consists of a mass marketer and two specialized advertisers of heterogeneous quality efficiencies. The advertisers bid for two ad slots and then compete for the market in price and quality. We find that the asymmetric market structure may increase the uncertainty of the auction outcomes, which then may induce the advertisers to underbid using a conservative strategy profile in the locally-envy free equilibrium. Consequently, the auction outcome may adversely include the less-efficient specialized advertiser. This result is stronger than the position paradox in the classic auction literature, as the advertiser with a competitive advantage may be driven out and obtain zero profit.     

基于应用型人才需求的国贸实务类课程教学改革研究

通过分析目前外经贸企业关于国际经济贸易专业应用型人才需求现状,指出企业对外贸人才专业化能力的要求。从教学方法、人才供求、教师实践等方面,指出目前国贸实务类课程教学模式与应用型人才培养要求存在差距。结合国贸实物类课程内容,阐释高校国贸实务类课程教学中存在的问题和课程改革的必要性,指出从注重课程实际操作性、开设多元化课程、线上线下课程结合、加强校企合作等方面,提升国贸实务类课程教学改革的策略措施。     

政治系统与法律系统对于技术风险的决策观察

德国社会学家尼古拉斯·卢曼的社会系统论和二阶观察理论所提供的社会建构论框架,有助于我们从技术、时间、知识、决策等维度厘清技术风险形成的复杂社会机制,促进我们对政治系统和法律系统中的技术风险管制活动进行反思性观察。政治系统通过政策性决策活动规划和控制技术风险的努力,本身也会导致决策风险,政治系统因此发展出令规制失灵而被社会遗忘的应对能力;法律系统内部发展出来的风险预防原则,其功能不在于增加社会的安全水平,而是作为一种程序性反应机制,吸收因科学技术后果的不确定性所导致的环境复杂性。     

Speculative residential developers and foreign retirees’ market segment in Malaysia

Over the last decade in particular, there has been a steady stream of foreign retirees, and more recently foreign high net worth individuals, who have joined Malaysia's My Second Home (MM2H) Programme which provides them with long-stay period visas. This opened up a new but small market segment for residential developers. A study was conducted to determine how the developers accommodate the MM2H participants by using the 4Ps framework. Data was collected using the mixed method of postal questionnaire survey and follow-up interviews. Customisation for the MM2H residential segment was generally limited to promotion of new dwellings. Total customisation in terms of product, price, place and promotion was found to be highly risky. Another ‘P’ for people cannot be excluded from 4Ps framework as speculative developers associate different nationalities with different house purchasing tendencies.