“A deficient performance”: The regulation of the train operating companies in Britain's privatised railway system

This paper focuses on the performance and regulation of the train operating companies in Britain's privatised railway system. It places regulation in context by examining rail privatisation, with particular scrutiny given to the theory and practice of the franchising process which established these companies. The record of the regulatory authority is assessed up to the announcement in 2004 of its planned abolition. This assessment employs critical financial analysis, and draws on non-financial performance indicators, in order to examine the extent to which it achieved its five main objectives: increasing the number of rail passengers; managing franchises in the interests of passengers; encouraging efficiency and economy in the provision of passenger rail services; encouraging investment in rail services; and securing a progressive improvement in the quality of rail services. The paper concludes that the regulatory authority's performance was “deficient” as it only achieved the first of these objectives. It places this failure in context by highlighting the fundamental problem—the flawed concept of fragmenting and privatising a loss-making rail industry in the interests of British capitalism. The “stronger” regulation envisaged by the Blair Government is revealed as a smoke screen behind which there is a continuing transfer of wealth from taxpayers to the owners and providers of capital.     

以现代人力资源管理理念指导完善我国税务人力资源体系

税务部门承担着为国家组织财税收入、服务纳税人的重要职能，职能的能否充分履行，很大程度上依耐于税务部门的人力资源条件。当前，我国税务部门的人力资源管理体系并不健全，现代人力资源管理理念在税务部门的人力资源管理中并未得到充分体现。本文从理论上对构建我国科学合理的税务部门人力资源体系提出了自己的观点。     

Asset Liquidity,Moral Hazard,and Bank Loan Rescheduling

We analyze the bank's decision to reschedule or to foreclose on a loan in default and the borrower's decision to divert lender-financed assets to personal use, i.e., to consume the assets. We show that the debt of borrowers in financial distress that have substantial intangible or highly specialized assets—i.e., illiquid assets—is likely to be rescheduled. Alternatively, banks will likely foreclose on borrowers in distress that have assets that are difficult to monitor. It is the interaction of the asset's liquidity and the borrower moral hazard that helps determine the nature of the equilibrium. When the condition of the borrower upon default is observable, we find that suboptimal foreclosures are possible but reschedulings are always optimal; when the borrower's condition is private information, however, reschedulings may also be suboptimal. Additionally, borrowers whose lenders foreclose are more impaired then those whose debt is rescheduled. Finally, we show that randomization of the rescheduling/foreclosure decision by the bank and the decision to consume by the borrower may be optimal for particular assets.     

多楔带轮系设计基础

文章介绍了多楔带的结构及特点，结合多楔带在汽车发动机前端附件传动轮系中的应用，对发动机多楔带轮系的设计的基本原则和方法进行了探讨，提出了在设计过程中应重点考虑的问题。     

Comparison of solution approaches for the train load planning problem in seaport terminals

In this paper the train load planning problem arising in a seaport container terminal is considered. This problem consists in determining the optimal assignment of containers to wagon slots in order to maximize the train utilization and, at the same time, to minimize unproductive operations in the terminal. Different solution approaches based on a mathematical programming model are compared. The best solution procedure, satisfactory both in terms of quality of the obtained solutions and for the computational times, is identified through extensive experimental tests. This procedure could be included in a planning tool to be used in real seaport terminals.     

综合交通枢纽内换乘班次衔接优化研究

综合交通枢纽内换乘衔接的合理、有效程度是影响整个综合运输体系效率的关键。针对既有研究中对换乘衔接建立模型存在的问题,参照复杂网络理论以结构解释网络功能的思想,建立综合交通枢纽内部的换乘班次衔接网络。以换乘班次衔接网络自身特点为基础,提出反映换乘网络结构的平均路径长度、聚类系数、度3个统计特征,并通过算例对换乘网络整体存在的问题和能力不匹配、时间不接续等实际情况给出解决方案。     

综合维修天窗与列车开行方案的协同优化研究

在提速后的铁路繁忙干线上,旅客列车开行方案比较复杂,需要兼顾包括天窗设置在内的多方面因素.在区段内考虑综合维修天窗与旅客列车的协调主要是优化两者之间的时间关系.运用同余思想分析旅客列车的合理开车范围.通过建立维修天窗与列车开行方案之间的协调优化关系模型,得出理论上的最佳天窗时段就是使概率频数最小的列车合理开车时间段.     

地铁列车司机轮班疲劳风险分析

从地铁列车司机轮班制作业方式出发,分析引起司机驾驶疲劳的影响因素,选择确定疲劳指数并建立数学模型,对疲劳风险等级进行评定。选取北京地铁2号线列车司机为研究对象,评估其按现行工作时刻表轮乘后的疲劳程度。采用生理测量的方式,以闪光融合频率为评价指标,对疲劳指数的评估结果进行验证,说明该方法应用于我国轨道交通领域具有可行性。     

Modelling the impact of alternative fare structures on train overcrowding

The Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) provides the backbone to rail regulation in Great Britain. As part of its responsibilities, the SRA monitors overcrowding on trains which it measures in terms of the proportion of passengers on trains in excess of the seat capacity for longer distance services, and with an allowance for standing passengers on shorter journeys of less than 20 min. Overcrowding on Britain's railways fell during the early 1990s but has been on the increase since 1996 with particularly acute problems in the morning peak for services travelling to London. In a study conducted on behalf of the SRA we developed the PRAISE rail operations model to include penalties for overcrowding based upon journey purpose, journey time and degree of overcrowding. Using demand, fares and timetable information for an actual case study route, we examine how fares and ticketing restrictions can be set to manage demand throughout the day without significantly reducing the overall demand for rail travel.     

速度等级组合列车的双线铁路站间距合理性研究

合理确定双线铁路站间距,可以在满足运营需要通过能力的同时,适当减少中间站的设置数量,满足铁路运输需要。以图解法和分析计算法为基础,考虑列车速度组合、列车铺画顺序、列车连发对数和列车间隔时间等因素对合理站间距的影响,采用均衡铺画和集中铺画方法,分析列车运行图周期的时间构成,计算3种速度等级列车组合下的双线铁路站间距。经实例验证合理站间距计算方法的合理性,得出双线铁路区段在3种速度等级列车组合情况下的合理站间距。