中国内地31省市高校专利转让差异与政策研究

高校是国家创新体系的重要组成部分，存有丰富的专利资源，专利运营对促进高校科技成果转化为实际生产力具有重要意义。专利转让是专利运营的一种重要方式，探讨高校专利转让是否存在地区差异，分析地方政府及高校促进专利转让的相关政策及制度，对促进我国高校专利转化、“盘活”高校现有专利资源具有重要意义。基于IncoPat平台检索中国内地31省市高校发明专利转让数据，发现不同地区间高校发明专利转让数量存在差异；运用聚类分析法将中国内地31省市划分为4个类别，并对前3类地区技术优势进行分析，探讨发明专利转让效果显著省市及高校出台的相关政策。结果发现，江苏在不同技术领域均具有明显优势且高校发明专利转让总量位居全国第一，清华大学与上海交通大学发明专利转让数量分别位居全国第一、第二；各级地方政府及相关部门虽然出台政策对高校专利转让进行宏观指导，但高校需要结合自身实际情况制定更加具体、系统化的政策促进高校专利转让。     

秘密握手协议、生产率传递与工资的规模溢价

头部企业为什么能打破市场均衡而将生产率优势转化为工资租？理论分析表明,市场份额越大,雇主与雇员之间越易达成“秘密握手协议”,即通过联合来操纵劳动供给,以抬高人均生产率并进行分割。在这一过程中,员工分割比例虽有所下降,但不足以抵消人均生产率上升的影响,进而产生工资租。以上市公司为例,市场份额位于前10%的头部企业,人均生产率对工资的传递力度仅比市场份额位于中位值附近的企业低4%,但人均生产率却高出40%以上,直接导致了较高的工资优势。进一步借鉴Blanchard and Summers(1986)的方法进行检验,发现头部企业确实存在更明显的“合谋”迹象,程度比中位值附近的企业高出近一倍。“秘密握手协议”的本质是通过限制劳动力流动阻碍工资均等化,在扎实推进共同富裕的道路上,不仅要反产品市场垄断,也要防范不合理攫取生产率红利的行为。     

技术关联、技术转移对区域技术演化的影响——以成渝地区双城经济圈为例

技术演化是区域实现高质量发展的关键动力。基于1999-2019年成渝地区142个县（市区）、637个专利技术领域的面板数据，考察技术关联、技术转移对成渝地区技术演化的影响，并进一步讨论区域发展阶段和技术含量的异质性作用。研究发现，技术关联、技术转移对区域技术演化均存在促进作用，同时，技术关联在先发地区和低技术含量领域的作用更显著，而技术转移在后发地区和高技术含量领域的作用更显著。进一步研究发现，技术关联、技术转移对区域技术演化存在“倒U”型影响，邻近地区技术演化对本地具有溢出效应。基于上述研究结论，建议成渝地区同时发挥技术关联与技术转移的作用，在发达区域技术关联强的领域加大要素投入，鼓励技术落后区域进行技术引进，加强区域协作，破除研发要素流动壁垒。     

基于多重制度逻辑的国际技术转移新态势探析

国际技术转移是创新要素在国家间流动的重要方式，事关国家创新发展与安全。有别于一般市场交易活动，国际技术转移受各类制度因素的影响更为显著。基于制度逻辑，从国家竞争、科技发展、社会进步和市场主体方面构建国际技术转移多维分析框架，发现国际技术转移呈现出一些新特征：越来越受国际政治与经济局势影响，国家安全成为影响国际技术转移的重要因素；各类国际科技竞争使国际技术转移复杂化，而科技合作则有效促进国际技术转移；气候、能源和健康领域的技术转移受到广泛关注；产业升级给国际技术转移带来新需求。进一步分析我国国际技术转移的制度进展，以期为我国更好地开展国际技术转移活动提供有益参考。     

The use of information technology for international transfer pricing in multinational enterprises

This paper studies the degree to which multinational enterprises (MNEs) use information technology for managing international transfer pricing (ITP). Based on 21 interviews conducted with in-house accounting and tax professionals in MNEs, we observed limited use of information technology for ITP management. However, some degree of ITP automation was observed in workflow management to produce transfer pricing documentation. The limited degree of automation observed was driven by both system- and individual-level barriers. Overall, we found that management accountants and information technology experts dominate the enterprise resource planning system design agenda, and the tax departments’ ITP tax compliance objective plays a relatively limited role. This reduces the ability for ITP automation partly because the data segmentation that is prioritized for management reporting does not support the tax departments’ needs for legal-entity data segmentation to document tax compliance.     

期权理论与南水北调东线工程“水银行”设想

通过分析南水北调东线工程的建设与运行机制,将新型金融衍生工具———期权理论引入其具体的水权转让中,建立南水北调东线工程虚拟“水银行”。在规避水源用户相应的自然和市场风险的同时,有利于提高水源用户的节水意识,重塑节水与效益的关系,是实现水资源优化配置的有效途径。     

惯例复制和环境宽容性中介调节下的人力资本与知识转移

基于知识基础观理论，实证检验了环境容忍度影响下，专才和通才两种角色特性、惯例复制与知识转移之间的内在联系。对246家知识密集型企业样本数据进行分析，结果表明：专才型人力资本与通才型人力资本均对知识转移绩效具有显著正向影响，并且惯例复制在这一过程中发挥部分中介作用；环境宽容性负向调节惯例复制在专才型人力资本与知识转移之间的中介作用，存在被调节的中介效应；环境宽容性负向调节惯例复制在通才型人力资本与知识转移之间的中介作用，存在被调节的中介效应。     

The impacts of inventory in transfer pricing and net income: Differences between traditional accounting and throughput accounting

This research proposes the Theory of Constraints (TOC) throughput accounting (TA) as an alternative management control mechanism in an international transfer pricing setting. We compare TA with the traditional accounting method and demonstrate that the traditional method underestimate factors as demand variation and inventories, which affects decisions, such as moving production to an offshore plant. A detailed system dynamics model is built to simulate the production process in an offshore supply chain to compare the methods. The study aims to fill a gap in the management accounting studies and contribute to the understanding of international transfer pricing and their management controls, exploring more than just the tax savings, which are usually considered isolated from operational factors for supply chain (SC) offshoring decisions. Furthermore, we conduct a brief literature review, present the model and discuss the results. It has been observed that inventory levels are an important part of accounting, offshored supply chains, and transfer pricing. Traditional cost and accounting methods favour higher inventory levels, and they can overestimate net income results up to 70% – especially in higher demand variation scenarios – when compared to the throughput accounting.     

Crossing the bridge from network training to development: A guide to move trainees from classroom insights to effective networks

Professional networks help employees accomplish work tasks, progress in their careers, and thrive personally. Decades of research suggest that achieving these outcomes requires more than simply amassing 'more' network contacts. Instead, networks with certain characteristics (e.g., networks that are open, diverse, and deep) enhance effectiveness. Network training teaches trainees about effective networks and helps trainees identify their network development needs by providing feedback on their current network. Once back on the job, trainees are assumed to take appropriate actions to develop their networks. However, our research and experience training MBA students, executives, and employees at all levels suggest that trainees often struggle to develop their networks after training. We studied 119 trainees engaged in network training and development to understand why. Our investigation revealed that many trainees fail to set network development goals that match their personalized feedback, identify strategies that match their goals, and take actions to develop networks that match their strategies. These mismatches create gaps in the bridge that trainees build to take themselves from network training to development. Further, even after building strong bridges by aligning their feedback, goals, strategies, and actions, many trainees encounter on-the-job barriers that prevent them from improving the effectiveness of their network. We offer a guide to help address translational gaps and mitigate on-the-job barriers, thereby enhancing the translation of network training insights into network development.     

资金供给、技术能力与技术转移绩效——国家重点研发计划多群组结构方程模型分析

国家重点研发计划对全产业链的强调使得研究其技术转移尤为必要。参考资源基础理论和动态能力理论，构建“资金供给—技术积累规模—技术转移能力—技术转移绩效”国家重点研发计划技术转移模型。应用结构方程模型进行检验，使用多群组结构方程模型探讨不同研究项目各因素对技术转移绩效的不同影响。结果发现：(1)国家重点研发计划技术转移绩效总体处于较高水平；(2)技术转移能力是国家重点研发计划技术转移绩效最直接、最有力的影响因素，资金供给是技术转移绩效的重要支撑；(3)技术积累规模难以直接影响技术转移绩效，但在技术转移绩效影响机理中发挥重要传导作用，是技术转移的基础性技术资源；(4)不同项目类型影响效应存在显著差异。研究结论可为政府、项目参与单位、首席科学家和普通参与者有效促进科技项目技术转移提供参考依据。