“Third World” Multinationals Revisited

Abstract

The notion of “Third World Multinationals” has always been, at least, slightly misleading, and has now also become obsolete, taking into account the dismantlement of most of the ideological divides between different political and economic blocks since the early 1990s, and the new rules of the games imposed by globalization. Furthermore, new multinationals emerging from China, and also from the former Soviet republics, are demanding a new and more flexible taxonomy. The present paper re-defines “Multinationals from Developing Countries” (MEDCs) and it reviews first, the current literature on multinationals, looking at the key factors which may explain the internationalization process of enterprises coming from outside the traditional, developed, and industrialised world, and also whether they may enjoy specific sources of comparative advantages, different from those ascribed to the old, established multinationals. A statistical appendix provides a brief but comprehensive survey of the current status of MEDCs, pointing out that, at the end of the day, there are roughly only four such enterprises in the usual rankings of the first one hundred multinational corporations, worldwide, and that the prospects of a forthcoming, and enhanced upgrading in the global corporate structure are heavily geared towards Asia. The data would also seem to support the argument that sheer “scale”, as such, of the enterprises does not explain a greater or lower degree of “transnationalization,” a conclusion which, added to that of the greater flexibility provided by the new information technologies, could be goods news for small-and medium-sized enterprises coming from the developing world.     

煤矿开拓方案选择的层次灰关联决策

本文从井巷工程、工业场地、场外公路、主要设备、开拓方式、井筒水文地质、到火车的距离等七个方面建立了煤矿开拓方案评价的指标体系,并利用层次分析法与灰关联决策相结合的方式进行煤矿开拓方案的选择,进而给出煤矿开拓方案选择层次灰关联决策的具体步骤,最后进行实例应用。     

笑永远是自觉的——论老舍的幽默创作风格

老舍认为，笑永远是自觉的，对于幽默创作风格有独到见解和自觉追求。其理论主张：寓理于谐、寓悲于谐、寓讽于谐、笑骂，而又不赶尽杀绝；其幽默创作风格形成原因，在于家庭、民族、社会、时代的影响，以及中外喜剧艺术的滋养；而发展历程，可谓历经波折，多方探索，才终至出神入化妙境；其主要艺术技巧：夸张渲染、嗜癖重复、语言错位、自相矛盾、巧用比喻和谐趣句式。老舍实现对自我与前人的超越，成为20世纪中国蜚声海内外的幽默大师。     

非等变角对数螺旋线在扭曲叶片绘型中的应用

扭曲叶片的绘型常采用的单锥面展开法 ,因是基于局部相似 ,所以 ,存在误差 ,无法分析 ,难以编程。笔者在有关水泵问题研究中 ,对扭曲叶片绘型的单锥面展开法进行了改进 ,给出利用非等变角对数螺旋线进行叶片绘型的新方法。这种方法能够很好地控制β角的变化规律 ,并能对误差进行分析和修正 ,便于编程计算 ,易于操作 ,在水泵设计中有广泛的实用价值。     

开发我国黄磷的高科技后续产品势在必行

我国当前黄磷生产产品过剩,生产企业严重亏损,为扭转这一状况,本文就其后续产品的品种和开发,以及调整磷化工布局情况作了阐述.     

External adjustment

Gross stocks of foreign assets have increased rapidly relative to national outputs since 1990, and the short-run capital gains and losses on those assets can amount to significant fractions of GDP. These fluctuations in asset values render the national income and product account measure of the current account balance increasingly inadequate as a summary of the change in a country's net foreign assets. Nonetheless, unusually large current account imbalances, especially deficits, should remain high on policymakers' list of concerns, even, for the richer and less credit-constrained countries. Extreme imbalances signal the need for large and perhaps abrupt real exchange rate changes in the future, changes that might have undesired political and financial consequences given the incompleteness of domestic and international asset markets. Furthermore, of the two sources of the change in net foreign assets—the current account and the capital gain on the net foreign asset position—the former is better understood and more amenable to policy influence. Systematic government attempts to manipulate international asset values in order to change the net foreign asset position could have a destabilizing effect on market expectations. JEL no. F21, F32, F36, F41     

Cognitive Theory and Moral Behavior: The Contribution of F. A. Hayek to Business Ethics

This paper shows how business ethics as a concept may be approached from a cognitive viewpoint. Following F. A. Hayek's cognitive theory, I argue that moral behavior evolves and changes because of individual perception and action. Individual moral behavior becomes a moral rule when prominently displayed by members of a certain society in a specific situation. A set of moral rules eventually forms the ethical code of a society, of which business ethics codes are only a part. By focusing on the concept of "limited" or "dispersed knowledge" that underlies the cognitive approach, I show that universal ethical norms that should lead to defined outcomes cannot exist. This approach moreover shows the limits of deliberate rule-setting. Attempts to deliberately impose universal ethical rules on societies may turn out to be harmful for societal development and lead to an abuse of governmental power.     

国内外乙醇胺生产现状及发展趋势

对国内外乙醇胺生产技术、生产现状进行了综述,对乙醇胺行业的发展趋势进行了分析。建议加快我国乙醇胺生产技术和设备的改造,扩大生产规模,提高产品质量,增强与进口产品的竞争力,以满足国内乙醇胺市场需求。