Above the glass ceiling: When are women and racial/ethnic minorities promoted to CEO?

Using a dataset of all CEO transitions in Fortune 500 companies over a 15‐year period, we analyze mechanisms that shape the promotion probabilities and leadership tenure of women and racial/ethnic minority CEOs. Consistent with the theory of the glass cliff, we find that occupational minorities—defined as white women and men and women of color—are more likely than white men to be promoted CEO of weakly performing firms. Though we find no significant differences in tenure length between occupational minorities and white men, we find that when firm performance declines during the tenure of occupational minority CEOs, these leaders are likely to be replaced by white men. We term this phenomenon the “savior effect.” © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Four Drivers of Effective Sponsorship: A Case Study of the Birkebeiner Race in Norway

The aim of this article is to undertake an empirical examination of some selected drivers of effective sponsorship of sporting events. We examine four drivers of effective sponsorship. The proposed relationships were tested in a survey in which 200 spectators participated. Data collection was carried out during the Birkebeiner race, a mega sporting event in Norway. The findings reveal that “sponsor–event fit” is the most powerful driver of effective sponsorship. However, a key general managerial implication from the study is that one should avoid narrowing sponsorship focus to just a single driver. To achieve effective sponsorship, one should take into account all drivers suggested by the present study.     

Examining the intersection of race and gender in video game advertising

Women and racial/ethnic minorities account for a growing percentage of video game players in the USA. The economic future of the video game industry may, in part, depend on the industry's ability to adapt marketing efforts to appeal to the growing female and racial/ethnic markets. Contrary to these efforts, however, is advertisers' reliance on stereotypes in advertisements to quickly establish a common understanding and wide appeal to a mass audience. This study investigates how race and gender intersect in the stereotypical character depictions used to market video games to consumers. A systematic content analysis was carried out of 383 US magazine advertisements of console, mobile, and PC video games. Stereotyping and intersectionality literatures were used as theoretical guides for this research. Findings reveal that the marketing of video games in the USA upholds some longstanding media stereotypes of minorities and women, including that of the White male hero, submissive sexualized female, Asian ninja, and deviant Black male. The potential social and economic implications of the video game industry's reliance on character stereotypes for the marketing of video games are discussed.     

中长跑训练对男大学生左心室收缩功能的影响

通过对我院20名中长跑专项大学生和20名普通大学生递增负荷运动过程中左心室收缩功能变化特征的实验研究,探讨中长跑训练对大学生左心室收缩功能的影响。结果发现:安静及递增负荷运动过程中中长跑专项学生LVET和PEP相对较长;递增负荷运动过程中,HR、LVET、PWTT、Q-U和HWT可作为评价中长跑专项学生心脏功能的重要指标。     

浅谈跆拳道横踢技术

跆拳道是一项以腿法为主的对抗性运动,被称为腿的艺术,竞技跆拳道中的横踢技术是所有进攻技术中最简单、最有效、最常用的一种技术。它的特点是进攻快,并且进攻结束后还能快速地进入防守状态,或者快速衔接其他的进攻技术。它能够作为所有运动员在实践中的常规技术。因此,运动员学好横踢,就迈入了竞技跆拳道的第一道门槛。通过对"2008北京奥运会"跆拳道比赛的分析来对横踢进一步的认识。     

提高竞走运动员运动成绩方法探析

采用文献法,问卷调查法和数据统计等方法对我国竞走运动员技术进行了全面分析,分析认为当前我国竞走教练员训练重点是在耐力训练的基础之上,特别应该重视和加强技术训练,我国竞走运动员应该在较高的步频技术特点上,力求增大步幅,使步频和步幅得到最完美的结合;同时也探析了提高竞走运动员运动成绩的科学训练理念、手段、方法,为竞走运动员、教练员提供有益的参考。     

Race in relation to bank depositors and mortgage applications

Data associated with the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) are often studied for evidence of discrimination in terms of minority applicants or for home location in minority neighborhoods, with mixed results. The present analysis utilizes a data set covering 2014–2016, combining characteristics of home location and applicants from the HMDA data with information on depositor characteristics from the Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation's Summary of Deposits data and the Census Bureau's American Community Survey. Consistent with predictions from the red-lining literature, loan acceptance rates are adversely influenced by high minority locations, although the effect is larger for minority applicants. The relationship banking literature predicts that community banks will yield higher rates of loan acceptance, and the results support that hypothesis. That same literature suggests that familiarity in terms of similar race/ethnicity characteristics for depositors and home location or loan applicants will yield a loan acceptance advantage; and that hypothesis is not supported. Subsidiary analyses suggest that market competition improves loan acceptance rates for minority applicants, consistent with models of discrimination. Additionally, minority depositors are associated positively with loan acceptance rates, which may reflect higher levels of bank risk, and a risk premium, in those markets.     

赛跑最优速度的数学模型与应用

基于牛顿第二定律,首先通过对人体4个生理参数(最大冲力F;体内和体外的阻力系数τ;由O2的新陈代谢作用提供能量的速度ξ;体内储存能量的初始值E0)和风力R的分析,建立赛跑的最优速度数学模型与能量消耗数学模型;第二,利用微分方程的积分曲线与最优控制方法,结合普通极值方法和泛函极值方法,给出时间T一定的情况下的最大距离Dmax以及赛跑距离D一定的情况下的最小时间Tmin;第三,利用最小二乘法对上述生理参数进行拟合估计;最后,以某高等学校20多年的女子赛跑成绩为依据进行模型检验,找出理论值与实际纪录值的相对误差,从而为提高赛跑成绩提供了科学的依据。     

Memory,slavery, and plantation museums: the River Road Project

ABSTRACT

Heritage tourism plays an increasingly important yet controversial role in interpreting the emotionally and politically charged memories and legacies of African enslavement. Antebellum plantation museums in the southeastern USA remain relatively underanalyzed by researchers, despite their tradition of ignoring and minimizing the contributions and struggles of the slave community. Yet, this neglect is being challenged somewhat by a growing number of plantations and counter-narrative sites that incorporate slavery into docent-led tours, promotional materials, exhibits, and preserved structures. Responding to a need for scholarship that can ferret out the nuances, complexities, and conflicts of producing and consuming heritage at these tourist sites, this special issue presents the results of a study of four plantations (Laura, Oak Alley, Houmas House, San Francisco) along Louisiana's River Road. The issue's editors and contributing authors address a central question: what factors, social actors, and interactions (social and spatial in nature) shape, facilitate, or even constrain the remembering of slavery at southern plantation museums, including those sites making seemingly significant progress in recovering the enslaved? River Road is a microcosm of the larger politics of reshaping southern and American heritage tourism and demonstrates the value of industry-engaged, multi-method examinations of different plantation landscapes within the same region.     

Consumer Information and Discrimination: Does the Internet Affect the Pricing of New Cars to Women and Minorities?

Using a large dataset of automobile transaction prices, we find that offline African-American and Hispanic consumers pay approximately 2% more than do other offline consumers; however, we can explain 65% of this price premium with differences in observable traits such as income, education, and search costs. Our estimates of unexplained race premia are smaller than previous estimates in the literature. Online, we find that minority buyers pay nearly the same prices as do whites controlling for consumers' income, education, and neighborhood characteristics. These results are consistent with the Internet facilitating information search and removing cues to a consumer's willingness to pay. Our results imply that the Internet is particularly beneficial to those whose characteristics disadvantage them in negotiating.