道教符咒浅析

符咒是中国道家灵修的哲学,也是心灵最高艺术升华,符咒作为信息传递符号的产生并以长期发展的最根本的心理基础。宗教的命运看来必须进行彻底的转向,也算是对超验形态以及与它们之间的关系的创造。应从道家典籍来开发,对中国古老的道家文化进行综合创新,将道学文化的真实面貌公诸于世,形成新的道家学派,完成创立道学的使命。     

近50年湖南省耕地数量动态变化研究

湖南省是全国的农业大省之一,在全国农业发展格局中具有举足轻重的地位,其耕地数量的变化直接影响到全省乃至全国的粮食安全态势。文章利用1949-1999年的统计和普查数据,分析了湖南省近50年来耕地数量动态变化及地域差异,并进一步探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明：50年来,湖南省耕地总体呈逐年下降态势,且区域变化差异明显;其中经济发展、社会系统和科技进步构成了耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子。     

The labour income share and the relative price of investment in the US: an empirical investigation

Several studies argue that the recent decline in the secular trend of the labour income share is mostly driven by capital-embodied technological progress which is typically identified with trend reductions in the relative price of investment. In this paper, I use data from the United States to assess the nature of the relationship between trends in the labour share and the relative price of investment. Results from co-integration tests reveal that the share and the relative price of investment are most likely not co-integrated. However, co-variation tests indicate that both time series share a common stochastic component, and additional tests of structural breaks point at the presence of a common change in the mean or trend of both series. These results suggest that capital-embodied or investment-specific technological progress may have played an important role in the decline of the secular trend of the labour share.     

Similarities and Dissimilarities between Original Institutional Economics and New Institutional Economics

Original Institutional Economics and New Institutional Economics display several similarities. However, differences in methodology and normative stance are too big to reconcile both approaches. Both approaches may keep each other sharp.     

UNDERSTANDING MEMBER CHARACTERISTICS AND COOPERATIVE PRICE EFFECTS: THE CASE OF THE ARGENTINEAN DAIRY SECTOR

Since the 1990s, Argentinean dairy‐processing cooperatives have lost considerable amounts of members and market share. We analyse their current role by investigating the characteristics of farmers who continue delivering to them and price differentials between cooperatives and investor‐oriented firms (IOFs). A probit regression model applied to 917 farmers suggests that cooperative farmers are more disadvantaged than farmers delivering to IOFs in terms of education, farm size and productive technology. Moreover, t‐tests applied to data representing 70 per cent of national volume indicate that farmers delivering to cooperatives are between 11 per cent and 29 per cent smaller than those delivering to IOFs, depending on province. A hierarchical multilevel regression model applied to 9,720 transactions among farmers and processors shows that, after controlling for quantity and quality, cooperatives pay lower (3.5%) but more stable prices than IOFs. In a context of rapid structural change, we observe a market in which larger farmers deliver to IOFs and smaller farmers deliver to cooperatives and conclude that, at the expense of paying lower prices, cooperatives may act as buyers of last resort for otherwise disadvantaged farmers.     

Public Sector Employment and the Skill Premium: Sweden versus the United States 1970–2012

Swedish census data and tax records reveal an astonishing decline in the aggregate skill premium of 30 percent between 1970 and 1990, with only a modest recovery in the next couple of decades. In contrast, the US skill premium rose by around 24 percent over those four decades. A theory that equalizes wages with marginal products can rationalize these disparate outcomes when we replace commonly used measures of total labor supplies by private sector employment. The dramatic decline in the skill premium in Sweden is the result of an expanding public sector that has disproportionately hired unskilled labor.     

经济快速发展地区农业土地利用变化驱动机制研究--以无锡市东亭镇、安镇镇和羊尖镇为例

以长江三角洲地区无锡市东亭镇、安镇镇和羊尖镇为例，通过应用德尔菲法和主成分分析法选择农地利用变化影响因素的基础上，构建了区域农业土地利用变化的驱动模型，并据此着重分析了区域农地数量变化与区域经济发展、城市化水平、农业集约化、城市(上海市)辐射力以及耕地保护政策变化之间的相互关系。研究结果表明，区域农业土地利用变化是上述因素综合作用的结果，并且在不同的乡镇，农地数量变化的驱动因素是有所差异的，而且区域社会经济发展的不同时期，各驱动因素的重要程度也是动态变化的。最后，作者就经济快速发展地区农业土地可持续利用管理提出若干政策建议，合理保护农地尤其是耕地资源；重视耕地质量占补平衡；依据农业产业发展态势，积极调整农地利用结构；推进非农产业升级，合理控制非农用地规模；进一步完善土地利用的经济约束机制和土地利用决策体系；加强区域合作，避免产业结构的趋同导致的土地利用结构的趋同；促进产业科技进步，提高土地利用占用效率。     

Risk Aversion, Intergenerational Equity and Climate Change

The paper investigates a climate-economy model with an iso-elastic welfare function in which one parameter measures relative risk-aversion and a distinct parameter measures resistance to intertemporal substitution.We show both theoretically and numerically that climate policy responds differently to variations in the two parameters. In particular, we show that higher but lower leads to increase emissions control. We also argue that climate-economy models based on intertemporal expected utility maximization, i.e. models where = , may misinterpret the sensitivity of the climate policy to risk-aversion.     

Burn or bury? A social cost comparison of final waste disposal methods

This paper evaluates the two well-known final waste disposal methods, incineration and landfilling. In particular we compare the social cost of two best-available technologies using a point estimate based on private and environmental cost data for the Netherlands. Not only does our comparison allow for Waste-to-Energy incineration plants but for landfills as well. The data provide support for the widespread policy preference for incineration over landfilling only if the analysis is restricted to environmental costs alone and includes savings of both energy and material recovery. Gross private costs, however, are so much higher for incineration, that landfilling is the social cost minimizing option at the margin even in a densely populated country such as the Netherlands. Furthermore, we show that our result generalizes to other European countries and probably to the USA. Implications for waste policy are discussed as well. Proper treatment of and energy recovery from landfills seem to be the most important targets for waste policy. Finally, WTE plants are a very expensive way to save on climate change emissions.     

Possible economic impacts of a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation: an application of <Emphasis Type="Italic">FUND</Emphasis>

Climate change can lead to a substantial reduction of the strength of the thermohaline circulation in the world oceans. This is often thought to have severe consequences particularly on the North Atlantic region and Northern and Western Europe. The integrated assessment model FUND is used to estimate the extent of these impacts. The results indicate that, owing to a slower warming (rather than cooling) of the regions most affected by a thermohaline circulation collapse, climate change induced damages in these regions would be smaller in case of a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation. However, even with a thermohaline circulation collapse, the total and marginal impacts of climate change are negative.JEL Classification: Q510, Q540We are grateful to Till Kuhlbrodt for providing the CLIMBER data and to Andre Krebber for processing them. The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research through the INTEGRATION project, the US National Science Foundation through the Center for Integrated Study of the Human Dimensions of Global Change (SBR-9521914) and the Michael Otto Foundation provided welcome financial support.