我国高等教育公平问题的社会学思考

教育公平问题是我国目前高等教育的突出问题。特别是高校扩招后,有关高等教育公平性问题更是引起人们的关注。探讨制约高等教育公平的因素,有利于我们加深对这一问题的认识并制定切实可行的措施。本文就我国高等教育公平的现状及其原因、对策思路作了简要的分析。     

THE KNOWLEDGE INHERITANCE THEORY OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

This article criticises the 'knowledge inheritance theory of distributive justice' presented by Gar Alperovitz and Lew Daly in their Unjust Deserts: How the Rich Are Taking Our Common Inheritance and Why We Should Take It Back; Wealth and Inequality in the Knowledge Economy (New York: The New Press, 2008). The authors claim that since innovation depends far more on accumulated knowledge than on any individual's contribution, most resulting wealth is deserved equally by all members of society. Their redistributive conclusion is not justified. Illegitimately applying the concept of justice to contexts where it is at best metaphorical, the 'knowledge inheritance theory' massively undervalues the role of individual intellectual activity, and relies on confusions concerning the nature of society, rights, causality, and gifts.     

A Monopoly Classroom Experiment

The author uses a simple classroom experiment to develop the economic model of monopoly. As a pedagogical tool, the experiment introduces students to the nature of the monopoly problem and motivates them to think of the associated efficiency issues as a divergence between private benefits and social contributions. As a test of economic principles, the experiment highlights the role of information and fairness ideals in determining economic outcomes.     

用基尼系数衡量我国收入公平的局限性探讨

文章认为,基尼系数在衡量我国收入公平问题存在的局限集中表现在基尼系数自身存在、衡量收入公平和我国收入差距特殊性三个方面。基于此,要结合对居民主观性评判起影响作用的因素和科学的理性统计数据两方面对我国收入公平问题做出符合实际的科学判断。     

优化我国证券收益所得课税的思考

我国经济和证券市场的高速发展对现行证券税制提出更高的要求。因此,我国证券税制的改革应循着这样的道路:进一步完善现行税制,并与国际惯例接轨;调节收入分配关系,更好地体现公平原则;打击短期投资行为,鼓励长期投资;尽快解决重复征税问题,使之成为推动证券市场健康发展的动力。     

探求收入公平分配的真义

收入分配是一连串的事情。要判断收入分配公平与否，绝不能仅仅着眼于收入差距本身的大小，而必须对形成收入分配最终结果的整个流程进行全面考察。机会平等、规则平等、按贡献分配和适度调节，是构成公平收入分配的四个要素。前三者又可理解为权利平等或公正，是公平的重心所在，也是判断收入分配公平与否的主要标准。收入分配政策必须着重强调机会公平、规则公平和按贡献分配，再辅之以政府的适度调节，才能有效避免各种误解和误导。     

Do Shareholders Have Obligations to Stakeholders?

The question of whether, and to what extent, business managers have obligations to stakeholders has been the principal theme in much of recent business ethics literature. The question of whether shareholders have obligations to stakeholders, however, has not been addressed sufficiently. I provide some needed attention to this matter by examining the positions of shareholders in the contemporary world of investing. Their positions are considerably different than that often envisioned by business ethicists and economists where shareholders determine the directions of corporate activities through their voting decisions. Typical contemporary investors rarely control corporate activities. If they own corporate securities directly, generally they own too small an interest to exercise control. And, in most cases, they do not even own corporate securities directly, but, rather, own shares in funds. Because of the positions of shareholders today, it is highly questionable whether most have obligations to stakeholders. This has a significant implication for business managers. Whether or not shareholders have obligations to stakeholders, business managers have a greater obligation to educate shareholders about how corporate activities affect stakeholders. I provide a justification for that obligation and comment on how business managers might begin to fulfill it.     

论我国经济制度的价值目的 ——基于公平正义的视野

党的十八大把完善我国的经济制度作为深化改革的一项重要任务。从价值本质的角度看，这就是完善我国经济制度的公平正义。经济制度作为一种价值存在，必定具有或承载着特定的价值目的，存在着价值目的的公平正义问题。任何经济制度，既有其构成要素的各个价值目的，也有其整体的价值目的，这两个层次的价值目的，都有公平正义的程度问题。公有制所要求的实现全体人民群众的统一平等的共同经济福祉，是我国经济制度的根本价值目的和整体价值目的，它在本质上是公平正义的，充分表明了我国全体人民群众在经济制度上的主体地位。我国目前需要以这一整体价值目的的公平正义的充分有效实现为宗旨，对经济制度的要素价值目的之间的关系加以进一步完善。     

Consumers' reaction to fair trade motivated price increases

Consumer perception of price increases and their reactions are a topic of great relevance for marketing research and practice. We investigate consumers' acceptance of price increases justified by higher costs due to company's corporate socially responsible activities by conducting two experimental studies. In the first study we examine perceived fairness and intentions following a price increase justified by a fair trade commitment. To assess the green attitude–behavior gap in consumer behavior our second study incorporates a real world experiment to explore actual consumer behavior against stated intentions. Our investigation adds nuance to our understanding of the effects of corporate social responsibility on consumer response to price increases. Our results reveal that a price increase due to a fair trade commitment is perceived as fair and does not have a negative impact on purchase behavior. We contrast our findings with a price increase due to higher taxes and due to profit increase. Our results demonstrate that fair trade justified price increases can skim twice the amount compared to tax justified increases. Furthermore, consumers' actual buying behavior reveals no difference to their stated intentions. Hence, prior research proclaiming an attitude–behavior gap in the context of consumers' socially responsible buying behavior has to be called into question.     

旅行社网站服务公平性对顾客行为意向的影响研究

企业坚持公平性原则,才能建立和维系与顾客的长期关系.笔者以旅行社网站的顾客为研究对象进行了一次实证研究,探讨了旅行社网站服务公平性对顾客行为意向的影响.数据分析结果表明:旅行社网站服务公平性直接影响顾客信任感和满意感,间接影响顾客的行为意向.