Planning for ecotourism in the protected area of Manesht and Ghelarang,Ilam Province,Iran

ABSTRACT

This paper reports a study of the Manesht- and Ghelarang-protected area in Iran. The study sought to identify ways in which sustainable tourism policies could be generated that aid the natural and human environments. From surveys and questionnaires completed by tourists, residents, and officials, an initial set of 10 areas of weakness, 9 strengths, and 6 opportunities were identified. Using these classifications combined with mapping techniques that included maps of topography and flora, a subsequent Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution analysis identified potential future policies that require infrastructure development and reinforced pro-environmental policies to address the problems currently being experienced.     

Tourist preferences for ecotourism in rural communities adjacent to Kruger National Park: A choice experiment approach

This paper analyses the potential for development of ecotourism in rural communities adjacent to Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa. We determine preferences of tourists, according to origin and income levels, for ecotourism and their marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for three ecotourism attributes: village accommodation, village tours and visits to crafts markets. Data were collected from 319 tourists through choice experiments, and analyzed using a conditional probit model. Findings indicate reluctance on the part of all tourists to use accommodation facilities outside KNP, but interest to purchase village tours and visit village-based craft markets. MWTP was negative for accommodation for all income groups, but positive for village tours and crafts markets. Among international and high income groups of tourists, tourists were willing to pay much higher fees than proposed by communities. These findings suggest the potential for development of some limited ecotourism services in villages adjacent to KNP.     

中国大陆生态旅游研究十五年——历程与展望

纵观十五年来的生态旅游研究文献,许多学者和机构为中国大陆的生态旅游研究做了大量工作,成果丰厚。中国大陆的生态旅游研究现状:文献数量大,重复多,缺少先进性;理论深度不够,缺少一般性的理论和规律的总结;没有多学科的深度结合;方法论不够清晰。因此,我们认为中国大陆生态旅游研究应加强宏观政策层面的研究,注重多学科深度融合,建立理论架构,同时强化生态旅游教育及学科体系的建设,深化生态旅游社会服务功能的研究。     

社区参与对梵净山生态旅游发展的启示

社区参与是旅游景区发展的一个不可忽略的重要动力,特别是对经济社会发展水平欠发达的地区尤为重要。本文试图以社区参与理论为指导,研究梵净山旅游景区生态可持续发展问题,为梵净山生态文明规划和发展提供可操作性较强的建议。     

Local intentions to participate in ecotourism development in Taiwan’s Atayal communities

By applying the theoretical concepts of planned behaviors and social exchange, this study aims to examine the decisive factors that influence the behavioral intentions of local residents in three Atayal communities in Yilan County, Taiwan, to participate in the community development of ecotourism. This study uses AMOS software to perform structural equation modeling. The results of the study indicate that (1) residents’ attitudes toward community-based ecotourism development, perceived behavioral control, and perceived social benefits have significant correlations with their behavioral intentions and that (2) respondents involved in community-related organizations have more positive behavioral intentions. Due to their location in remote areas to which tourists rarely venture, these three Atayal communities lack the incentives to attract tourists or to trigger the participation of the broader community in ecotourism development with the promise of sharing tourism revenue. Most Atayal residents in the research area clearly lack the ‘rights to develop’ and the ‘means to get involved’. From the perspective of power relations, this study could contribute insight into the theoretical and empirical implications of hierarchical influences to examine the political–economic inferiority of indigenous behavioral intentions toward community-based ecotourism development.     

Evaluating ecotourism: The case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ecotourism can contribute to both conservation and development and involves, as a minimum, positive synergistic relationships between tourism, biodiversity and local people, facilitated by appropriate management. This paper applies a framework for the development and evaluation of ecotourism to three protected areas in North Sulawesi. Due to its spectacular endemic biodiversity, the potential for providing quality nature experiences in North Sulawesi is high and tourism development is occurring rapidly. Site-level evaluations of ecotourism in three protected areas were performed to illustrate the application and the utility of the framework as a tool for evaluation and to assess the status of tourism in North Sulawesi. It is revealed that current relationships between people, resources and tourism in North Sulawesi have yet to provide the mutual benefits necessary for successful ecotourism. The approach and framework used to arrive at these conclusions have wide applicability for assessing the achievements of ecotourism at specific sites and for directing appropriate management strategies for ecotourism in protected areas.     

梵净山自然保护区生态旅游开发与管理模式研究

针对当前自然保护区旅游开发与保护之间的矛盾冲突,以贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区为例,在调查其开发与管理现状的基础上,对存在的问题进行了深入分析,从科学开发和管理的角度提出了梵净山自然保护区未来的发展模式。     

生态旅游发展概述

健康、阳光、环保的生态旅游成为当今世界旅游业发展的热点,据估算,全球生态旅游年均增长率约为20%²5%,是旅游产品中增长最快的部分。世界各地生态旅游资源丰富,但生态旅游发展不平衡,欧洲发展最好,其他区域发展各异。我国的生态旅游实践已有20多年,主要是依托于森林公园、自然保护区、风景名胜区、水利风景区、地质公园、湿地公园等发展起来的。生态旅游产业体系逐步健全,旅游教育尤其是森林旅游教育发展异常迅速,科学研究成果丰厚。     

Normative and innovative sustainable resource management at birding festivals

The sustainable ancillary resource management (SARM) practices of US-based birding festivals are investigated. A questionnaire completed by organisers of 108 of 135 identified festivals (80%) revealed several normative SARM practices such as signage re-use and container recycling, and a large number of innovative practices undertaken by one or more festivals. Cluster analysis yielded roughly equal groups of 'non-innovators', 'normative recyclers', 'innovative energy conservers', 'innovative recyclers' and 'comprehensive innovators'. SARM innovators also tended to be ecotourism innovators, while innovation was also related to attendee numbers but not festival longevity or identification of festival with 'ecotourism'. No clear diffusion effects are evident. Follow-up surveys suggested positive relationships with cost, attendee satisfaction/demand, and sense of responsibility, but not revenue generation. A dedicated organisation and sponsored certification protocols are suggested to facilitate dissemination of innovative SARM practices, which were less prevalent than expected given the nature of such events.     

我国生态旅游发展的阶段性特征研究

从1982年至今,我国的生态旅游走过了27年的历程。本文结合我国生态旅游理论与实践的发展状况,在对1989年至今中国期刊网上收录的以生态旅游为题进行研究的文献进行统计与分析的基础上,探讨了我国生态旅游发展所经历的四个阶段的特征。