Endogenous ranking and equilibrium Lorenz curve across (ex-ante) identical countries: A generalization

This paper proposes a symmetry-breaking model of trade with a finite number of identical countries and a continuum of tradeable consumption goods, which differ in their dependence on nontradeable intermediate inputs, “producer services”. Productivity of each country is endogenous due to country-specific external economies of scale in its service sector. It is shown that, in any stable equilibrium, the countries sort themselves into specializing in different sets of tradeable goods and that a strict ranking of countries in per capita income, TFP, the service sector share, and the capital–labor ratio emerge endogenously. Furthermore, the distribution of country shares, the Lorenz curve, is unique and analytically solvable in the limit, as the number of countries grows unbounded. Using this limit as an approximation allows us to study what determines the shape of distribution, perform various comparative statics and to evaluate the welfare effects of trade. In doing so, this paper extends the analysis of Matsuyama (Econometrica, 81:5 (September 2013), 2009–2031) for more general and flexible forms of scale economies. It turns out that the technique introduced in Matsuyama (Econometrica, 81:5 (September 2013), 2009–2031) is useful for the equilibrium characterization in this general case as well. Although some results of comparative statics and on welfare inevitably need to be modified, they change in ways that illuminate the underlying mechanism of symmetry-breaking.     

外部研发合作广度与新产品开发绩效：一个有调节的中介模型

基于企业外部合作伙伴分布广泛的特点,从外部研发合作广度的两个维度（市场广度和研究广度）出发,选取2010—2018年160家中国制造业上市企业数据,运用多元回归分析法探讨外部研发合作广度对企业新产品开发绩效的影响。结果表明,外部研发合作的市场广度和研究广度正向影响新产品开发绩效,其中,研究广度的作用更为显著;网络学习在外部研发合作广度对新产品开发绩效的影响机制中存在部分中介作用;知识库同质性正向调节外部研发合作广度与网络学习的关系。结论丰富了新产品开发绩效前因变量研究,对企业制定外部研发合作战略,提升新产品开发绩效具有重要管理启示。     

The MNC as an externally embedded organization: An investigation of embeddedness overlap in local subsidiary networks

MNCs have been conceptualized as differentiated networks that, in turn, are embedded in external networks. Previous research has predominantly focused on the embeddedness of established subsidiaries into their local environment, omitting to shed light on the phenomenon of headquarters linkages to the local context which creates embeddedness overlap. We develop a model of why MNCs develop overlapping linkages to local subsidiary networks even if the subsidiaries have grown out of the initial start-up phase. Using detailed information on 168 European subsidiaries, we find that MNCs build and maintain more overlapping network ties when subsidiaries are high performers, hold important resources, operate in turbulent environments, and are closely connected to multinational actors as opposed to purely domestic firms.     

公司法人治理的治标之策和治本之道

本文将公司法人治理(Corporate Governance)机制分为属于治本之道的内部治理机制和属于治标之策的外部治理机制。外部治理机制包括法律体系对投资者的保护、公司控制权市场及经理人才市场是否完备、机构投资者的作用等;内部治理机制包括董事会治理、监事会治理、薪酬机制和股权治理等,其中发挥关键作用的是股权治理和董事会治理。从提升公司治理效率角度看,股权治理方面股权制衡类高于一股独大类公司,董事会治理方面则强调董事会的构成、董事会的规模、董事会成员的激励和董事会的领导结构。本文通过上述分析,并结合我国的具体情况,探讨在我国实现良好公司法人治理机制的路径。通过持续构建科学合理的公司决策、执行和监督体系,以最终实现我国公司价值的普遍提升。     

投桃何以报李:企业内外部社会责任对管家行为的影响机制研究

当员工感知到企业的善行,即企业善待员工或是积极履行对外部利益相关者的责任,是否会激发员工"舍己为公"的行为倾向,使其为了保护组织长远利益而牺牲个人短期利益呢?本研究依据社会交换和社会认同理论,通过524份有效样本进行实证分析,探讨员工感知的企业社会责任对"舍己为公"的管家行为的作用机制。结果表明,员工感知的内部和外部企业社会责任均正向影响员工的管家行为。责任知觉和道德认同分别在员工感知的内部企业社会责任与管家行为、员工感知的外部企业社会责任与管家行为间起中介作用,且责任知觉和道德认同的中介作用没有显著差异。     

多重知识网络嵌入性对团队创新绩效的“双刃剑”效应——失败学习的中介作用

基于网络嵌入理论和经验学习理论,遵循“资源―行为―绩效”框架,从团队视角探讨多重知识网络嵌入性对创新绩效的影响机制。采用PROCESS宏程序和MEDCURVE宏程序分析技术,对多时点收集的277套创新型团队领导―成员配对数据进行分析,研究发现多重知识网络嵌入性转化为团队创新绩效的4条路径：①内部和外部知识网络嵌入性均对团队创新绩效存在倒U型影响;②利用式失败学习在内部知识网络嵌入性与团队创新绩效的正向关系中具有显著中介作用,在外部知识网络嵌入性与团队创新绩效的倒U型关系中具有显著中介作用;③探索式失败学习在两个维度的知识网络嵌入性与团队创新绩效的倒U型关系中具有显著中介作用;④两个维度的知识网络嵌入性顺次通过利用式失败学习、探索式失败学习对团队创新绩效发挥间接作用,利用式失败学习和探索式失败学习在其中起链式中介作用。     

城市扩展的两个均衡条件及其政策含义

论文认为中国的快速城市化侵占了大量的耕地,是迫使粮食在质量差的土地上生产的重要因素之一,造成了巨大的外部成本,应将其整合到城市扩展的代价中,以提高农业对土地的竞争性,求得城乡之间良好平衡.在这个基础上,还应在市区改造和新区建设之间取得平衡,即边缘地块上地租的净增加值应相等.收取的外部费用要用于土地的农业生产外部不经济性治理.土地管理应城乡整合,包括都市更新与新区建设通盘考虑.论文的研究等价于说,如果做到了如上所迷,那么城市扩展导致的土地价值上升部分就能够覆盖它的社会代价:基础设施建设的投入、拆迁投入、土地生产力建设投入和消除土地的农业生产外部不经济性投入.城市发展用地和农业用地会处在一个比较公平的竞争环境中,取得良好的平衡.     

贸易顺差、资本流入与中国外汇储备规模增长

本文通过协整检验和Granger因果关系检验,对影响我国外汇储备规模快速增长的诸因素进行了实证分析。分析结果表明,（1）我国外汇储备规模与年出口额、外国证券投资、外商直接投资、外债还本付息额具有长期的稳定关系。（2）年出口规模与外汇储备规模之间具有单向因果关系,是造成外汇储备快速增长的主要原因。（3）外商直接投资、外国证券投资和外汇储备规模具有正向相关关系,其影响强度较弱;而外债还本付息额与外汇储备呈负向相关关系。（4）1986年～2009年间,贸易顺差对外汇储备规模增长的贡献度约为68%,而资本流入约为32%。本文基于实证分析结果认为,采取贸易项目收支平衡战略以减少外汇储备过度增长是最佳的选择。     

企业社会责任取向产生与发展的路径分析

基于全国范围内612份有效问卷,考察了社会责任取向的产生和影响作用机制,研究了外部制度压力、企业社会责任取向、内部伦理制度和企业社会资本4者之间的相互作用关系。结果表明,外部制度压力对社会责任取向中法律取向和慈善取向有正向影响;伦理取向、慈善取向对内部伦理制度有正向影响;社会责任取向对企业社会资本有正向影响;内部伦理制度对企业社会资本有正向影响。首次将4个变量纳入一个框架模型进行分析,有助于更好地理解企业社会责任相关行为,并进一步促进相关领域的研究。同时,对于企业经营管理具有重要指导意义。     

Utility of university curricula in contemporary times: Perspectives of employers in the Cape Coast Metropolis

The majority of studies and reports on university education in Africa have focused mainly on issues related to access, quality, teaching and learning environment, and so on. Although these issues are undoubtedly critical, even more germane to the discourse is the desired utility of university education to society. The authors present the perspective of employers on their expectations from university graduates. The authors employed the qualitative research approach. Four financial institutions from the Cape Coast Metropolis were purposively sampled. An in-depth interview guide was employed for data collection, which was analyzed using thematic content analysis. The authors found that graduates are strong in theory but deficient in application of knowledge.