Staying with the ingroup or outgroup? A cross-country examination of international travelers’ home-sharing preferences

This paper examines the joint effect of host’s cultural identity (i.e., ingroup vs. outgroup), presence of a travel companion, and consumer’s country of origin on international travelers’ evaluations of home-sharing services. A quasi-experimental design was implemented to collect data from U.S. and Chinese consumers. Results indicate a significant three-way interaction: In a culturally different destination, Chinese consumers prefer home-sharing services provided by ingroup hosts whether traveling alone or with a companion, whereas American consumers only show ingroup preference if they travel alone; when traveling internationally with a travel companion, American consumers prefer home-sharing services provided by an outgroup host. Further, psychological closeness and perceived experience authenticity are found to be the mediators underlying international travelers’ home-sharing preferences. Findings of this study offer new insights to the research and management of sharing economy.     

The decision-making process of and the decisive factors in accommodation choice

This study examines tourists’ decision-making process of and highlights the decisive factors in accommodation choice, employing the discrete choice (multinomial logit and nested logit) models and using the international tourist data of Taiwan. The results of this study may be indicative of the hierarchical nature of tourists’ decision-making process of accommodation choice. In addition, we find that price is a significant factor in accommodation choice, whereas income has only limited explanatory power. The results also indicate that tourists with a longer length of stay tend to choose hotels of lower quality, and, in contrast, elder people prefer better accommodations.     

Entrepreneurs and the Ordering of Institutional Reform: Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine Compared

We use survey data to examine new firms in Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine. By measures of job growth, security of property, and market development, our countries fall into two groups: an advanced group including Poland, Romania and Slovakia, with Slovakia falling somewhat behind the other two; and a backward group of Russia and Ukraine. Macroeconomic stability is not sufficient for private-sector growth. A lack of bank finance does not seem to prevent private-sector growth. More inhibiting than inadequate finance are insecure property rights.     

Spectator communities and entrepreneurial districts

Attempts are made to structure the principles of the new volatile economy. Industrial districts in Italy and the Japanese model are seen as restricting cases, and Denmark’s open economy and SMEs are discussed. Spectator communities are offered as an analytical tool to understand why entrepreneurial activity is so unevenly distributed even in a small institutionally coherent society such as the Danish. Spectator communities may also be an object for political regulation to improve entrepreneurial activity in deindustrializing regions.     

我国民营企业家成长心态与生态探析

随着民营经济在我国经济社会发展中的地位不断提升，民营企业家的成长也日益受到社会的关注。民营企业家的心态与其所处的生态环境息息相关，他们在追求自我实现的同时，也受到生态系统、特别是政府环境的巨大影响。本文对当前我国民营企业家的成长心态以及所处的生态环境做了较深入的分析。     

浅谈建设高素质的旅游企业家队伍

加入世界贸易组织对中国旅游业将产生积极而又深远的影响：外资的更多进入，竞争的加剧、服务水平的提升，旅游者享更多的好处．．．等等，但最根本的变化则是ＷＴＯ要求其进入的成员必须手持市场经济的入场券，这就要求中国旅游业必须通过基于市场的一系列变革来铸造自己的核心竞争能力。     

Social ties and venture creation by returnee entrepreneurs

Recent years have witnessed the return of individuals of Indian or Chinese origin from developed markets to their home countries to start new ventures. Returnee Entrepreneurs (REs) facilitate both direct technology transfer and indirect technology spillovers to local firms, thus contributing to the technological development of emerging economies. Much previous work is based on the integration of ethnic entrepreneurs in their host countries or business activities of transnational entrepreneurs that traverse their host and home countries. This study explores the role of social ties in venture creation by REs. Based on twenty case studies in India, the findings show that (1) local ties are indispensable for venture creation, and (2) the heterogeneity in the way REs leverage social ties across the host and home countries is contingent on the location of their intention to start up and generation of idea for their venture. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

股票期权:基于人力资本产权的分析

本文认为,企业是一个由人力资本和非人力资本共同订立的特别市场合约,企业家根据其人力资本分享企业剩余,人力资本在产权上永远具有独特性,其产权要求是保证其使用过程中的排他性。文章提出,提高人力资本开发和使用经济效率的唯一有效的途径是满足人力资本的报酬要求,实行充分的激励制度,保证人力资本的全部价值实现。股票期权是公司给股票期权受权人按约定价格和数量在约定时间购买股票的权利,既可避免直接定价的市场效果,又能实现企业家的利益回报,有利于人力资本正态效应的发挥,尽可能地将企业家所创造的收益与其所得保持比较高的正相关关系,在一定程度上是对人力资本参与分配的一种肯定,是对企业家索取剩余权利的承认,是一种人力资本的有效激励方式。     

Success and Risk Factors in the Pre-Startup Phase

Why does one person actually succeed in starting a business, while a second person gives up? In order to answer this question, a sample of 517 nascent entrepreneurs (people in the process of setting up a business) was followed over a three-year period. After this period, it was established that 195 efforts were successful and that 115 startup efforts were abandoned. Our research focuses on estimating the relative importance of a variety of approaches and variables in explaining pre-startup success. These influences are organized in terms of Gartner’s (Academy of Management Review 10(4), 696–706 [1985]) framework of new venture creation. This framework suggests that start-up efforts differ in terms of the characteristics of the individual(s) who start the venture, the organization that they create, the environment surrounding the new venture, and the process by which the new venture is started. Logistic regression analyses are run for the sample as a whole as well as for subgroups within the sample, namely for those with high ambition vs. low ambition and for those with substantial vs. limited experience. The results point to the importance of perceived risk of the market as a predictor of getting started vs. abandoning the startup effort.     

The self-catering accommodation market: A review of electronic and other sources

This paper contributes to a better understanding the self-catering accommodation sector by considering its nature and scope within Scotland, the UK and the international context. It reviews the available literature search and also presents an exhaustive search of the Internet. The term “self catering accommodation” typically refers to cottages and holiday flats, but also may include larger premises as well as mobile units such as boats. Student accommodation comes into this category, as do serviced apartments for business use. Self-catered accommodation is widely used for activity holidays, and courses for outward-bound or country pursuits. The sector is considered in terms of economic impact, ownership, and mode of use, and an analysis of the market shows that it has grown and changed rapidly since the 1980s driven by changes in the economy and advances in technology. During the same period demand has increased due to demographic, economic and lifestyle changes, the predominant segments being older and middle-aged customers and young couples without children. The growth of short break holidays and a growing interest in country pursuits and activity holidays favour the self-catering sector.