基于新公共管理视角的瓦格纳定律之现实评析

伴随着公共管理的不断发展,尤其是新公共管理运动的滥觞及其在全世界范围内的衍化,使得瓦格纳定律不仅从理念上而且从实践上都遭遇了严峻挑战.一方面,新公共管理运动通过实施政府职能优化、分权化改革、公共人事制度改革以及社会保障制度改革等一系列措施,直接削减了财政支出规模;另一方面,由工业化(或所谓后工业化)所衍生的经济、政治、社会需求的持续扩张,在新公共管理理念之下催生了多元化的供给主体和多种形式的供给方式(体现为公共产品供应机制改革),客观上间接缓解了政府财政的压力.以上两方面力量共同作用,为限制财政支出规模或者弱化财政支出冲动提供了相当巨大的空间,瓦格纳定律的神话将被打破.     

失地农民参与新型农村合作医疗影响因素探析——基于江阴市临港新城H小区失地农民的调查

基于对发达地区江阴市临港新城H小区的调查,从微观视角关注失地农民群体中个体特征对新型农村合作医疗制度运行的影响,探讨失地农民群体对新型农村合作医疗制度的认知程度与其参与新型农村合作医疗的具体选择行为之间的相关性,深入考察新型农村合作医疗制度实施现状,探寻新型农村合作医疗制度在失地农民群体中实施存在的问题,以期对完善新型农村合作医疗保障制度建设提供参考。     

新就业大学生员工离职动因及其管理之浅见

如何降低新就业大学生员工的主动离职率,是那些接受大量大学生就业,处于高速发展阶段的高新技术企业迫切需要解决的问题。本文通过分析新就业大学生员工的群体特征,结合国内外离职动因理论,探讨了新就业大学生员工离职率居高不下的主要动因,并提出了有针对性的离职管理方略。     

Region,Regionness and Regionalism in Latin America: Towards a New Synthesis

Latin American regional governance today represents a conglomerate of commercial, political and trans-societal welfarist integration projects. In this overlapping and sometimes conflicting scenario what Latin Americanness should mean, and how integration projects should respond to current challenges of global political economy are being redefined. The focus of the paper is twofold: to better understand current regional transformations and to discuss what new developments mean for how we theorise non-European regionalism. Looking at the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas and the Union of South American Nations we ask: How are we to understand regional agreements that are grounded in different systems of rules, alternative ideas and motivations that contest ‘open regionalism’? We argue that Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) represent different pathways to regional building, creating foundations for post-hegemonic and post-trade regional governance. We thus challenge New Regionalist approaches that assume regionalism as taking place within and modelled by neoliberal economics, establishing the debate around ‘old’ vs. ‘new’ regionalism. As these categories are limited in grasping the full meaning and implications of post-hegemonic regional orders, we discuss UNASUR and ALBA as ‘arenas for action’ to understand divergent practices, outcomes and types of regionness emerging in alternative regional spaces in South America.     

Economic evaluation of inhalers used in the treatment of asthma

Summary

Asthma is an important disease for New Zealand in terms of prevalence and costs, both direct and indirect. The objective of this study was to determine if there were any differences in primary care medical costs between treatment of asthma with four corticosteroid inhaler drug delivery systems (Autohaler? [AUTO], Diskhaler? [DISK], metered dose inhaler [MDI] and Turbuhaler? [TURB]) in a general practice setting.

The retrospective observational data-based research completed for this study involved a large population and recorded actual general practitioner prescribing practice. The perspective taken was that of the funder of health care. Data were obtained from the computerised clinical records of 28 New Zealand general practices. Cost data were on a per year per patient basis.

The largest single cost item identified in this study was that of corticosteroid inhalers which ranged from 41% of total primary care cost for MDI to 52% for the TURB group. Total drug acquisition cost (inclusive of dispensing costs and wholesale and retail markups) was highest for TURB at $490 and lowest for MDI at $265, a difference of 85%. There was less variation in general practitioner consultations for asthma with total costs ranging from $104 for AUTO to $127 for DISK. Total primary care costs were lowest for MDI at $392 per annum and highest for TURB at $608, a difference of 55%. If the MDI total primary care costs are used as the base for an index (MDI total primary care costs set at 100) then AUTO becomes 116, DISK 134 and TURB 155.

The model was robust with respect to conclusions relating to cost differences between the treatment groups. In all but one instance TURB remains the highest cost group.     

Ambidexterity under digitalization: A tale of two decades of new media at a Swedish newspaper

The digitalization of the newspaper industry represents a significant challenge for incumbent companies to engage new technologies. Many companies in the industry have had to seek new markets through digital technologies to survive. This paper explores how one of the largest Swedish newspapers, Aftonbladet, has strategically embraced new media and new markets. We report a decade of engaged scholarship based on interviews and archival analysis that covers 20 years of strategic acts at the company. We consider this effort as a case of organizational ambidexterity under digitalization. The analysis seeks to extend theoretical understanding of the interrelationships between strategic intent and technological choice. The paper contributes to the understanding of ambidexterity under digitalization by theoretically framing it in terms of strategic acts. The research suggests that digitalization implies a more complex ambidexterity interrelationship between old and new markets and technologies. As digitalization enables the loosening of previously tight couplings, the clear theoretical distinction between old and new, and critically, the unproblematic transition, is brought into question. The paper suggests replacing the notion of an orderly shift from the old to the new with ambidexterity under digitalization as a duality of both old and new undergoing continual reconfiguration.     

Street-level new public governances in integrated services-as-a-system

The paper explores the emergence of street-level public service integration in eight cities, in five countries using a new framework: services-as-a-system to explore new public governances in health and social care integration. Data is analysed from eight cities in six countries (Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, Spain, UK, and USA) gathered in over 100 semi-structured interviews with key agents. We show that whilst culture and context shape the form and processes of governances there are underlying processual drivers of new public governances, in particular where users are involved in the co-design and co-production of integrated services.     

SHIFTING BOUNDARIES IN ECONOMICS: THE INSTITUTIONAL COGNITIVE STRAND AND THE FUTURE OF INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS

This paper aims at contributing to the debate on the future of institutional economics and of the field as a whole by starting from the literature that discusses the relationship between Old‐Original Institutional Economics and New Institutional Economics. It suggests that the process of reunifying OIE and NIE (and evolutionary economics) prompted by part of the literature could be improved by the contribution of the Cognitive Institutional Economics. The paper follows a two‐stage pathway: first, it frames the debate on the relationships between NIE and the OIE and it concentrates on a subset of the literature that shows that NIE's recent developments complicate the distinction between NIE and OIE, and it explores the possibility that NIE and OIE may merge so that an amalgam of NIE, OIE and Evolutionary Economics becomes the next economic paradigm. Secondly, the paper argues that a step forward in the direction outlined by the literature has been made by CIE, which is a research stream that developed from cross‐fertilization among NIE, OIE and the Hayekian contributions to the analysis of institutions. In the concluding remarks, the possible emergence of a single institutional paradigm is discussed in the light of the literature about change in economics.     

新型城镇化与基本公共服务均等化的政策协同效应研究

以人口城镇化为核心的新型城镇化对城市基本公共服务体系产生多重冲击与挑战,其中最根本的问题是新型城镇化与基本公共服务均等化两种政策不尽协同。通过构建新型城镇化与基本公共服务均等化的政策协同效应,将碎片化的产业政策、土地与住房政策、人口政策、就业政策、公共财税政策、收入分配政策与社会融合政策整合为在某种程度上可以＂自组织＂的协同体系,可以达到社会稳定和城乡社会结构调整等诸多协同效应理想状态。应从源头机制、保障机制和政策协同主体的整合机制等方面完善新型城镇化与基本公共服务均等化。     

Would adopting the Australian dollar provide superior monetary policy in New Zealand?

Counterfactual experiments with the Reserve Bank of New Zealand's core model provide some insight into the implications for New Zealand's economic performance over the 1990s, had it credibly fixed its currency to the Australian dollar. If New Zealand had faced the relatively more stimulatory Australian monetary conditions prevailing over the 1990s, then output growth may have been temporarily boosted. However, demand pressures would have probably been greater and inflation higher. In particular, results suggest that over the latter part of the 1990s annual inflation would have been approximately 1% point higher on average. Stochastic simulation experiments provide a vehicle to analyse what the implications of currency union might be more generally. Results suggest that if New Zealand were to lose its ability to set monetary policy independent of that set in Australia, then the variability of inflation and output would increase over the business cycle.