Developing wine trails as a tourist attraction in Israel

The objective of this paper is to suggest marketing strategies for the development of wine trails in Israel as tourist attractions. Both inbound and domestic tourists were surveyed as to their motives for visiting wineries and their experiences from those visits. The expectations of tourists with regard to the wine trail experience were compared with the beliefs of winery operators. The findings showed that there was a high degree of understanding of tourist needs among the winery operators. Nevertheless, augmentation of the winery experience is necessary if wine trail tourism is to further develop. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exploring the on-site experience of slow tourists from an embodied practice perspective

The rise of slow tourism reflects tourists' high-quality needs under the accelerated pace of contemporary life. However, the on-site slow tourism experience remains underexplored despite its importance to both tourists and destinations. This study aims to explore how on-site experiences are created and identifies the features of the on-site experiences of slow tourism. From the perspective of embodied practice, the study finds that two patterns, slow-moving-and-pausing in the context of the local landscape environment and consuming-and-engaging in the context of local life and culture, account for the slow-tourist-oriented individuals creating their autotelic tourism experiences. Intra-personal and inter-personal experiences are found in the two different patterns that indicate the existential experience is, in essence, the slow tourists' emotional quest. Further, this study argues that slow tourism can be seen as an extension or intensification of daily routine experience.     

加强非居民税收管理需要引入事实推定规则

本文首先介绍了事实推定规则的含义,然后以案例说明在事实推定规则缺失的情况下非居民税收管理面临的执法窘境,并指出如何引入事实推定规则,最后提出了此规则实施时的限制性规定,以防止基层税务机关滥用本规则侵害纳税人的合法权益。     

基于主客视角的苏南传统村落旅游地乡愁的时间特征

“记得住乡愁”是乡村旅游和乡村振兴的重要内容。本文基于居民和游客视角,以苏南传统村落为案例地,探讨乡愁的时间特征。结果表明：（1）乡愁主体方面：相对暂居村落的外来人口,三代以上的世代居民对家乡乡愁情感更加强烈;出生在1950—1959和1960—1978年间的这两代游客较多成长在乡村,乡愁文化感知相对更高;离开家乡在外工作生活时间越长的游客在传统村落旅游时,其乡愁情感和乡愁记忆比起未离开家乡或离开家乡较短的人更加强烈。（2）乡愁触点方面：触发居民和游客乡愁的季节集中在秋天和冬天,天气集中在下雨和落雪时,时辰集中在深夜和傍晚时,节庆集中在春节、中秋节、清明节和家乡特有节日,假日主要集中在周末、寒假和“十一”国庆假期。（3）乡愁记忆方面：主客乡愁记忆都主要集中在童年,其次是青少年,最后是成年和老年;游客产生乡愁的频率比居民频率相对高。（4）乡愁载体回忆顺序：主客乡愁载体都会提到“家”和“乡”相关场所和空间,其回忆的顺序是家人、家、家乡和国家。文章最后总结了乡愁旅游开发的启示。     

Tourists' perceptions of heritage tourism development in Danish‐Osu,Ghana

This paper examines the tourist perceptions at Danish, Osu‐Ghana within the dark tourism or slavery heritage contexts. Using Cohen's (1979) typology of tourist experience, we differentiate between tourist knowledge of a heritage site relative to socio‐demographic indices. The results indicate that tourists' perception of Danish‐Osu reflect their knowledge of the site in relation to its cultural heritage attributes. In addition, it was found that tourists have dual experiences of the site: those that relate to recreational pursuits of heritage sites and those that ascribe meanings based on their background. The contemporary nature and use of Transatlantic Slave Trade relics for tourism development makes the case of the Danish‐Osu more delicate considering the ethical implications of interpreting the community's past to tourists as the borderlines are unclear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chinese FDI in the French and Australian Wine Industries: Liabilities of Foreignness and Country of Origin Effects

This paper explores the recent evolution of Chinese investment in the wine industries in the Bordeaux region of France and Western Australia (WA). The study identifies variations in the nature of the investments undertaken, which are not always consistent with existing theory. We explore how these differences impact on the liability of foreignness (LOF) experienced (Eden and Miller, 2004; Zaheer, 1995). We find evidence of all three of the categories of hazards identified by Eden and Miller (2004), with unfamiliarity being particularly significant, especially for wholly owned investments. We postulate that differences in context between home and host countries are a key factor explaining both the observed difficulties and the differences in experiences. The findings of our work on LOF, in terms of its nature and mitigating strategies, resonate well with existing theory, although we also find evidence of a Country of Origin (COO) effect, both in terms of Liability of Origin (LOR) and Assets of Foreignness (AOF). The variations in entry mode and LOF, however, are less consistent with existing research and pose questions in relation to the interaction between the home and host contexts, company strategy and LOF.     

基于性别差异的旅游行为实证研究——以新疆入境欧美旅游者为例

以性别为分析点,明确男女旅游者之间的行为差异所在,以便于对新疆旅游市场的开拓和稳固有所帮助。运用偏好度指数量化分析了新疆入境欧美游客对各个项目的选择偏向性,再运用差异度指数量化分析了男女游客针对某个项目的选择差异性。数据分析结果体现在3个方面：旅游认知行为、旅游消费行为和旅游决策行为。最后运用差异性分析结果,以性别为细分原则,对新疆旅游客源市场的营销提出针对性策略。     

旅游者价值视角下乡村旅游影响因素探析

以乡村旅游中旅游者价值为切入点,分析旅游者参与乡村旅游的动机及旅游者感知价值构成要素,找出了乡村旅游开发中影响旅游者感知价值的主要因素,提出在乡村旅游中应从提高旅游者感知价值出发提高旅游者满意度和忠诚度,使旅游者产生品牌忠诚而重复购买,以推动我国乡村旅游实现产业升级和可持续发展。     

西安城市居民旅游决策行为对比研究

通过对西安市不同家庭类型旅游者的问卷调查和访谈,借助对比分析的方法从信息来源、出游动机、出游方式、出游时间和频率、目的地选择、旅游项目选择,以及限制不同家庭结构旅游者出游的影响因素等方面,研究了单身、夫妻二人、核心和延续等四种家庭结构的旅游者旅游决策行为特征及规律。分析得出,家人结伴游已成为城市居民普遍选择的出游方式,而在家庭旅游决策制定中,不同类型家庭的决策行为呈现出不同的特点。     

陕北传统米酒曲中优势菌种的分离、纯化及鉴定

为进一步提高陕北传统米酒的质量,保持或改善其风味,本研究对陕北传统米酒酒曲中的微生物进行分离、纯化、鉴定,并分析了微生物的数量分布。根据培养特性、菌体形态及生理生化检测进行菌种鉴定,得到24个不同属、种的微生物菌株;活菌计数结果显示霉菌和酵母菌为酒曲中的优势菌种,分别占总菌数的57%和38%。将分离所得微生物中17个种的优势菌株进行纯种培养,其中霉菌8株,酵母菌9株。并对8株霉菌所产生的α-淀粉酶和糖化酶活力进行比较研究,结果显示米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae）,华根霉（Rhizopus chinensis）,米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）相比另外5株霉菌表现出较高的酶活力,其α-淀粉酶活力分别为798U/g,672U/g,701U/g;糖化酶活力分别为2641U/g,2321U/g,2538U/g,可作为生产米酒的理想菌种。