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221.
This paper adopts the principal–supervisor–agent hierarchy model pioneered by Tirole [Tirole, J., 1986. Hierarchies and bureaucracies: on the role of collusion in organizations. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 2, 181–214] to analyze the optimal architecture of supervision. We consider a principal who encounters a double moral hazard problem. In particular, we examine the endogenously determined supervisory effort and the possibility of untruthful revelation of supervisor's message. The degree of accuracy for this endogenously chosen information architecture hinges upon the supervisory technology, the supervisor's reservation utility and the agent's production technology. Besides, though the principal's welfare would be lowered when the possibility of untruthful revelation is taken into account, we find that his desired supervisory effort level may be enhanced instead. 相似文献
222.
This paper, in the spirit of Poole [Poole, William, 1970. The Optimal Choice of Monetary Policy Instruments in a Simple Macro Model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84, 192–216.], studies how differently monetary and fiscal shocks influence the appropriate choice of the monetary policy regime. Velocity shocks are introduced by embedding a stochastic cash-in-advance constraint within the New Keynesian framework. In addition to optimal policy under discretion, three classic rules, interest rate targeting, monetary targeting, and the Taylor rule are ranked under both fiscal and velocity shocks. The non-stationarity of prices under the Taylor rule makes it inferior to the other rules under which prices are stationary. Monetary targeting, by stabilizing aggregate demand under fiscal shocks, outperforms interest rate targeting, while the latter provides a better insulation against velocity shocks. Monetary targeting (under fiscal shocks) and interest rate targeting (under velocity shocks) even outperform the optimal policy under discretion for sufficiently high intertemporal elasticities of consumption substitution. 相似文献
223.
Optimal formation rules for patent pools 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Steffen Brenner 《Economic Theory》2009,40(3):373-388
Patent pools in the framework of Lerner and Tirole (Am Econ Rev 94:691–711, 2004) may enhance or reduce social welfare. This
paper presents a pool formation mechanism which prevents welfare decreasing pool equilibria to emerge, and which encourages
welfare enhancing pools to form. In order to destabilize welfare decreasing pools, forcing coalitions members to offer individual
licenses in parallel to the pool has been suggested. I show that in general, this mechanism is not an efficient antitrust
tool. However, the mechanism combined with exclusive pool membership avoids stability problems of welfare enhancing pools,
while it creates instability of welfare decreasing pools.
I am grateful for comments from the Editor, an anonymous referee, and Georg von Graevenitz. 相似文献
224.
This paper examines the interactions between multiple national fiscal policymakers and a single monetary policy maker in response to shocks to government debt in some or all of the countries of a monetary union. We assume that national governments respond to excess debt in an optimal manner, but that they do not have access to a commitment technology. This implies that national fiscal policy gradually reduces debt: the lack of a commitment technology precludes a random walk in steady-state debt, but the need to maintain national competitiveness avoids excessively rapid debt reduction. If the central bank can commit, it adjusts its policies only slightly in response to higher debt, allowing national fiscal policy to undertake most of the adjustment. However, if it cannot commit, then optimal monetary policy involves using interest rates to rapidly reduce debt, with significant welfare costs. We show that in these circumstances the central bank would do better to ignore national fiscal policies in formulating its policy. 相似文献
225.
We characterize zero tax results geometrically as a condition on indifference curves and the implementability constraint.
The condition can also be expressed as a generalized homotheticity condition on the utility function and also extends older
results on uniform taxation that use the duality approach. Many zero taxation results in dynamic macroeconomics can be derived
from our characterization; thus it provides a unified framework for a systematic study of these phenomena. Our geometric method
also allows to study the sign of deviations from zero tax results in more complicated frameworks such as taxation without
commitment.
相似文献
226.
Forests help mitigate climate change by sequestering atmospheric carbon. However, boreal and high-latitude temperate forests may also contribute to global warming due to the albedo effect. The relative effects of carbon sequestration and albedo can be quantified in terms of radiative forcing. We present a stylized, stand-level analysis to determine the optimal rotation age when considering a tax/subsidy scheme based on radiative forcing and the notion of equivalent carbon emissions. Additional management decision variables considered include species choice and regeneration effort, since these can impact the albedo effect. We demonstrate analytically that the optimal rotation length is likely shortened when albedo-related equivalent emissions are incorporated, relative to a policy based only on carbon. Empirical results indicate that rotation ages do decrease relative to a “carbon only” policy, and approach the traditional (timber only) Faustmann rotation age as equivalent emission rates increase. Our results suggest that forestation does not necessarily provide climatic benefits in all circumstances, and that, at the margin, other opportunities for carbon reduction (e.g. abatement), or pursuing forestation in other locations, become more attractive. 相似文献
227.
This study investigates the marketing and production problem for a monopolist firm where price, quality and production rate are simultaneous dynamic decision variables under the condition of a dynamic demand that depends on price, quality and cumulative sales. The formulated continuous profit maximization model follows the steps for dynamic optimization to derive optimal price, quality and production policies, wherein a unit production cost that decreases with cumulative production reflects the cost learning effect. Through the differentiable multiplicatively separable demand function, this study analyzes optimal trajectories for determining price, quality, and production rate. The results specify several optimal policies and policy makers would gain insight into the consequence of their decisions that otherwise might have been obscured by sub-optimal analysis. 相似文献
228.
Ahmet Kara 《Quality and Quantity》2009,43(2):277-289
It is a striking feature of the many of the developing country public service sectors that the sectors in question often overproduce
the quantity of services but underproduce the quality. This feature, which is exemplified in this paper, is rooted in a wide
spectrum of economic and sociological factors ranging from the economic and sociological profile of the service receiving
people to the asymmetric density of service-receiving population across their regions. This feature, we conjecture, is a source
of a considerable degree of suboptimality in some of the developing countries. If our conjecture is correct, correcting such
suboptimalities is likely to yield significant welfare improvements that could help speed up the process of development in
the underdeveloped regions of the world. To analyze the supoopimalites in question, we will first develop a concept (and a
model) of optimal quality in the public service sector, which indicates the level of quality that maximizes expected public satisfaction subject to available resources. Resources
are used in an efficient manner to produce the service in question. The concept and the model in the paper make a needed contribution
to the quality discourse by presenting a way of determining the quality improvements (or adjustments) necessary to achieve
optimum in the public service sector. The paper presents an application (a case study) of this new concept in the public healthcare
sector in Turkey, and explores the differences between the actual and optimal quality in the sector in question. It turns
out that there is a considerable difference between the actual and optimal levels of quality (as well as those of quantity)
in the Turkish public healthcare sector in an overpopulated city (Istanbul), indicating a significant overproduction of quantity and underproduction of quality. Thus, to achieve the optimal levels, the sector should increase quality and reduce quantity by a considerable margin. The
quantified differences (gaps) between actual and optimal levels point out a considerable room for welfare improvement. Optimum-seeking
adjustments closing these gaps could be shown to lead to considerable satisfaction and welfare gains, the measurement of which
is worthy of future research. 相似文献
229.
The paper puts forward a model of the Atlantic salmon fishery in the Baltic Sea that integrates the salient biological and economic characteristics of migratory fish stocks. Designed to be compatible with the framework used for actual stock assessments, the model accounts for age-structured population dynamics, the seasonal harvest and competing harvesting by commercial and recreational fishermen. It is parameterized for the Simojoki River stock. The socially optimal policy for maximizing discounted net benefits from the fishery within an uncertain environment is determined using a dynamic programming approach and numerical solution method. Our results indicate that substantial economic benefits could be realized under optimal management without compromising stock sustainability. 相似文献
230.
Knud J. Munk 《International Tax and Public Finance》2008,15(6):647-667
As is broadly recognised, the straightforward application of the Diamond–Mirrlees (1971) production efficiency theorem implies
that when lump-sum taxation is not available, then it is optimal for the government in a small open economy to rely on taxes
on the net demand of households rather than on border taxes to finance its resource requirements. However, the theorem does
not hold when taxation is associated with administrative costs. The present paper explores the implications for optimal taxation
and for desirable directions of tax-tariff reform of taking into account the costs of tax administration in countries at different
levels of economic development. The paper clarifies the reasons for, and lends support to, the criticism by Stiglitz (Presentation
to Congress of International Institute of Public Finance, Prague, 2003) of the IMF and the World Bank’s recommendation to developing countries to adopt VAT to replace border taxes.
相似文献