Proposed algorithm for the identification of land for consolidation with regard to spatial variability of soil quality

The quality of soil is one of the most significant factors having a real impact on the potential level of agricultural crops. Therefore, it is a significant element shaping the profitability of agricultural production in the specific area. Familiarity with spatial variability of soil quality classes in respective voivodeships has an impact on planning the development of agricultural areas and effective allocation of money to rural spatial restructuring. This element also provides important information in the process of consolidation works programming which takes place at the regional government level. This data is characterised by very long usability due to a small number of changes referring to classification of land entered into the land and building survey. Data on the quality and suitability of soil in the analysed area was acquired from the analysis of data from the land and building survey. Analyses were carried out in 3 poviats of Lublin voivodeship located in the eastern part of Poland covering an area of 501 132.9 ha, split into 610,160 plots. This paper presents an algorithm designed by the author for identifying areas in which land consolidation works should be performed, including its practical application using the adopted sample. The algorithm identifies areas characterised by the highest soil quality, which makes it possible to indicate areas where land consolidation work should first be undertaken.     

糯扎渡电站地下工程工期调整索赔分类及依据的探讨

针对施工中工期调整索赔分类及依据,通过对实践中工期调整索赔分类及依据的具体案例,结合地下工程工期调整索赔的特点,对工期索赔分类及依据充分、程序合规总结,以求达到提高工期调整索赔获得率。     

色谱经济分析法的理论思考

本理论思考是受化学色谱分析法的启示，将其基本原理引入到数量经济理论与方法的研究之中。以复杂经济现象为研究对象，以创建一个新的方法论为研究目标，探索和评估色谱经济分析法作为一种创新的数量经济理论与方法的可行性，提出了对色谱分析法概念、过程、原理和对象的置换研究，期望最终形成一套科学的色谱经济分析法理论体系。从理论研究的视角看，本研究不仅仅为数量经济研究领域增添一种新的分类方法，而且通过交叉学科的置换机理的研究，探索一条人文社会科学领域与自然科学领域的跨学科交叉研究的研究思路和方向：从实际应用的视角看，本研究，不仅在多元统计分析拓展、宏微观经济分析得到很好的应用，而且有望在诸多具体的应用领域发挥应有的作用。     

关于西方经济学假定条件的探析

西方经济学的假定条件是西方经济理论得以建立的基础,是使经济现实简单化的方法,是演绎法具体展开的必要条件。但是大量的公理化假定是否会影响经济学的科学性,探讨假定条件的地位与作用,对进一步理解和解决经济问题有积极的借鉴意义。     

Is unlevered firm volatility asymmetric?

Asymmetric volatility refers to the stylized fact that stock volatility is negatively correlated to stock returns. Traditionally, this phenomenon has been explained by the financial leverage effect. This explanation has recently been challenged in favor of a risk premium based explanation. We develop a new, unlevering approach to document how well financial leverage, rather than size, beta, book-to-market, or operating leverage, explains volatility asymmetry on a firm-by-firm basis. Our results reveal that, at the firm level, financial leverage explains much of the volatility asymmetry. This result is robust to different unlevering methodologies, samples, and measurement intervals. However, we find that financial leverage does not explain index-level volatility asymmetry. We show that this difference between index-level asymmetry and firm-level asymmetry is driven by the asymmetry of the unlevered covariance component of index volatility.     

Housing, credit, and real activity cycles: Characteristics and comovement

This paper describes the characteristics and comovement of cycles in house prices, residential investment, credit, interest rates, and real activity in advanced economies during the past 25 years. Stylized facts and regularities are uncovered using a dynamic generalized factor model and spectral techniques. House price cycles are found to lead credit and real activity over the long term, while in the short to medium term the relationship varies across countries. Interest rates tend to lag other cycles at all time horizons. Although global factors are important, the US business cycle, housing cycle and interest rate cycle generally lead the respective cycles in other countries over all time horizons, while the US credit cycle leads mainly over the long term.     

On optimal scarcity prices

This article contributes to the debate of missing money (compare Joskow(2007a)). This debate has seriously questioned the desirability of limiting scarcity prices in markets with fluctuating demand by emphasizing their potentially negative impact on firms' investment decisions in the long run. A prominent example are recently liberalized electricity markets, where competition authorities have imposed price caps³ or adopted other measures to mitigate high scarcity prices.The impact of reduced scarcity prices in the long run still is only incompletely explored. We thus analyze investment of firms in base load and peak load technologies in a market with fluctuating demand under imperfect competition. We show that an appropriately chosen limitation of scarcity prices is not only beneficial in the short run but also in the long run. It leads to a strict increase of investment in peak load technologies, leaving investment in base load technologies unchanged. Furthermore, we characterize the optimal limit on scarcity prices.     

Long-term changes in social mortality differentials, Geneva, 1625–2004

In this paper we argue that in order to test competing hypotheses on the emergence of social mortality differentials, one has to adopt a long-term perspective. Studying social inequality in mortality in Geneva from 1625 to 2005, we use historical mortality data published by different authors and contemporary data drawn from an ongoing research project. The comparison over four centuries gives evidence to both the constancy and convergence hypotheses. Mortality is systematically lower-than-average among elites on the one hand, but on the other hand the difference between the top and the bottom of the social ladder is decreasing over time.     

房地产项目结构优化浅谈

本文从当今两个现象入手,提出房地产项目结构优化的广阔前景;并从结构优化的原则、分类、流程、特点和精神要义加以阐述;并提出建议和结论。     

Bank Lending and Inflation in Malaysia: Assessment from Unrestricted Error-Correction Models

The paper estimates inflation models for Malaysia by considering the influence of bank lending. The unrestricted error-correction model (UECM) proposed in Pesaran et al. (2000) was employed as being appropriate for small sample analysis such as the present study which covered annual data from 1973 to 1997. The results of 'bounds' tests confirmed a long-run equilibrium relationship between inflation and its determinants, namely import price, money supply (M3), bank credit and real income. The estimated UECMs revealed that the important factors in the Malaysian inflation process are import price and real-income variables. It was found that concurrent fiscal policies had a major influence on the impact of the depreciation of the naira on inflation. The UECMs appear to perform well and to provide an appropriate framework for forecasting the Malaysian inflation behaviour.