The restructuring of the Spanish integrated steel industry in the European panorama (1971–86): A lost opportunity

Spanish steelmaking policy in the 1970s and early 1980s was not especially different from that of the main European countries. The political transition was a tense experience that heightened the problems and made economic policy decisions harder to reach, but it did not cause a fundamental divergence from the rest of Europe. What made the steel restructuring policy fail and forced a new and costly restructuring in the 1990s, was the decision of the Socialist government, newly elected in 1982, to opt for maintaining the inland steelworks instead of the coastal steelworks. Its motives were related to the locations of these steelworks in socially and politically sensitive areas. The closure of Sagunto marked the end of the only real possibility of Spain having a competitive integrated steelworks in terms of its integration into Europe.     

北戴河滨海旅游发展历程研究

北戴河作为中国近代旅游业的摇篮,已有百余年的发展历史,是中国滨海旅游发展的典型代表。本文在分析北戴河旅游开发历史的基础上,将北戴河旅游发展历程分为初始开发、发展繁荣和转型提升三个阶段,通过对各阶段发展特征的分析发现,北戴河滨海旅游发展在需求构成、旅游设施及产品形态、空间布局等方面表现出显著的时代特征。     

国外港口物流的发展对辽宁沿海经济带的启示

向国际化、规模化、系统化发展形成高度整合的＂大物流＂、进一步拓展服务功能的＂增值物流＂、打造技术密集型的＂智能港＂以及发展＂虚拟物流链控制中心＂,是近年来港口物流发展的主要特点和趋势。当前,辽宁沿海经济带港口物流发展中存在着物流系统条块分割严重,物流产业技术落后,港口定位和发展目标冲突,服务意识和服务质量水平较低等问题。发展辽宁沿海经济带港口物流,应打破条块分割格局,大力发展物流产业技术,整合港口物流的功能,实现综合化发展。     

Coastal blue space and wellbeing research: looking beyond western tides

ABSTRACT

In this paper we focus on coastal blue spaces and the ways in which they have been advocated as beneficial for health and wellbeing in the context of leisure practices. We offer a reassessment of some of the claims made in this growing body of literature, highlighting the diverse cultural practices at the coast across different geographical contexts, particularly for those communities that have experienced exclusion due to ethnicity, culture, and income. We then discuss conceptions of coastal blue space and wellbeing within the context of Aotearoa New Zealand, a bi-cultural nation in which indigenous knowledges connected to both wellbeing and leisure in the outdoor world are impacting dominant (white, colonial) discourses, policies and practices. We illustrate that a Māori world view embraces different practices and assumptions about what water means and how relationships with water are made including through leisure practices. Aotearoa New Zealand provides a revealing cultural context for re-assessing and indeed challenging Eurocentric assumptions about blue spaces as sites of wellbeing. More widely we suggest that it is timely to anchor blue space and wellbeing research to different ‘worlds’; that looking in to reach out and expanding research agendas is a useful and important enterprise.     

滨海新城的发展策略

通过对我国滨海新城发展背景的回顾,总结其发展特征,认为滨海新城发展的本质是工业化超前城市化发展。未来滨海新城的发展必须面对土地、生态多方面的制约,表现在发展模式、经济形式和功能构成上有所转变。由此从区域、产业、城市空间、土地利用、生态景观、旅游等多方面展开应对性策略研究。     

Is it all about awareness? The normalization of coastal risk

Coastal risk is already high in several parts of the world and is expected to be amplified by climate change, which makes it necessary to outline effective risk management strategies. Risk managers assume that increasing awareness of coastal risk is the key to public support and endorsement of risk management strategies – an assumption that underlies a common worldview on the public understanding of science, which has been named the deficit model. We argue that the effects of awareness are not as straightforward. In particular, awareness of coastal hazards might not lead to more technically accurate risk perceptions. Based on research on risk perception normalization, we explored the hypothesis that coastal risk awareness reduces coastal risk perception – in particular the perceived likelihood of occurrence of coastal hazards – through its effect on reliance on protective measures to prevent risk. Individuals can rely on protective measures, even when those are not effective, as a positive illusion to reduce risk perception. This effect might be stronger for higher probability hazards and for permanent residents of costal zones. Data from 410 individuals living in coastal zones corroborated most of our expectations. Global results demonstrated a risk normalization effect mediated by reliance on current measures. Additional analyses made clear that this effect occurred in 2 of the 5 high-probability hazards (flood and storm), and not in the low-probability hazard (tsunami). Normalization might be more likely among high-probability hazards which entail catastrophic and immediate impacts. This effect was also found among permanent residents, but not among temporary residents. Results imply that coastal risk management might benefit from (a) taking risk perception normalization effects into account, (b) tailoring strategies for permanent and temporary residents and (c) promoting a higher public engagement, which would facilitate a more adaptive and effective coping with coastal risk than the use of positive illusions.     

A new risk-based design approach for hydraulic engineering

Hydraulic structures providing flood and coastal protection facilitate economic development as well as living areas and often converge with other infrastructure. There is a need for general guidance for analysing risks of hydraulic structures. This paper analyses two actual hydraulic engineering projects in the UK in which acceptable risk levels are incorporated in the design using a new risk-based design approach, taking consciously into account the influence of stakeholders, the legal framework as set by the Government, design-elements from different design-disciplines and funding.     

沿海地区传统渔村产业转型类型及影响因素研究

产业转型是传统渔村突破发展瓶颈的关键过程,也是实现渔村产业振兴的必由之路。受乡村统计数据不足的长期影响,传统研究通常采用居民收入构成等指标间接衡量乡村产业转型发展过程,具有一定的局限性。本研究基于乡村产业转型理论,采用企业属性数据构建传统渔村产业发展指数评价指标体系,以福建省沿海地区22个渔村作为研究对象,探讨传统渔村产业转型过程、类型及影响因素。研究发现：1989—2020年,福建省传统渔村产业转型可以分为初期、中期和后期3个阶段,各阶段企业数量和规模持续增长,无主导产业型渔村逐步消失,且渔村主导产业呈现逐级递进特征;按产业转型特征划分,约60%的渔村属于待转型,已转型渔村占比仅为31.8%,未转型渔村面临难转型的困境;传统渔村产业转型主要受资源（渔业资源）和市场（人口规模）因素共同影响和作用,政策因素的强化和环境因素的优化也有利于推动渔村产业进一步转型。本研究结论可为沿海地区传统渔村产业转型发展提供决策参考。     

Influences on coastal tourism demand and substitution behaviors from climate change impacts and hazard recovery responses

Climate change impacts can negatively affect tourism demand and, subsequently, local economies by disrupting access and altering physical conditions, including those from adaptation and recovery efforts. Research is needed that helps destinations become more climate ready, including studies of decision factors that influence trip-taking behaviors. This paper presents findings from a discrete choice experiment to determine how physical and economic changes could affect visitation behaviors to a vulnerable coastal destination, the Outer Banks region of North Carolina, USA. We embedded our experiment within an on-site visitor survey to reveal thresholds of negative changes to coastal attributes that tourists are willing to tolerate, and also examined tourists’ willingness to substitute their future trips to the region. Transportation-related changes had the highest relative importance among the four selected attributes. The likelihood of three types of spatial substitution, spurred by not being able to access the destination, were consistently related to residency but less consistently related to place meanings, visitation history, and other demographic variables. Study results can inform climate change planning within coastal zones to minimize negative impacts to tourism demand, such as the need to develop creative revenue streams to maintain resilience in communities that rely on occupancy taxes.     

Tourism,Partnership and a Bunch of Old Fossils: Management for Tourism at the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site

The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, declared in 2001, is Britain's first mainland World Heritage Site (WHS) inscribed for its natural values, and one of only eight in the world designated according to geological criteria. The study of exposed rock strata and dinosaur fossils found here has made – and continues to make – a major contribution to understanding the Earth's history; in addition, the WHS covers fine scenery and several nature reserves. Administratively, management of the site is complex because of its mosaic of owners and occupiers and, as WH status carries no statutory powers in the UK, the partnership approach was the only obvious solution. The Site's coastal towns and their rural hinterl and have been afflicted by economic and social decline in recent decades, and the Jurassic Coast initiative is being used as a tool for regeneration. There has been some success already in efforts by local entrepreneurs and the public sector to exploit the opportunities for a renaissance both of the economy and local morale. This paper examines the planning and early implementation stages of the Jurassic Coast programme, detailing successes and examining the linkages between the theory and practice of collaborative management.