俄罗斯“博物馆保护区”的发展、特征及其启示

俄罗斯博物馆保护区兼顾有形与无形文化遗产保护的综合管理,关注人文环境与自然环境的整体保护问题。通过对俄罗斯文化遗产保护体系的梳理,基于博物馆保护区在俄罗斯文化遗产保护体系中的地位,对俄罗斯博物馆保护区的基本概念、分布特征、保护区划和基本分类等内容进行研究。最后,从整合机制和管理机构设置两方面分析中国历史文化街区保护存在的问题,提出作为文化机构的博物馆保护区制度,将为完善中国历史文化街区的保护制度提供必要的借鉴和启示。     

国土空间生态保护和修复研究路径：科学到决策

研究目的：探索走向可持续生态系统综合管理的国土空间生态保护和修复的研究路径与应用实践。研究方法：综合分析法,案例分析法等。研究结果：（1）以生态系统管理等理论为支撑,基于国土空间生态安全格局整体保护理念,关注中观—宏观尺度的国土空间生态保护和修复关键区域识别与诊断,从生态系统和社会系统维度提出国土空间生态保护和修复科学认知、价值重塑与政策引导的研究路径,构建 “本底调查测度—多维认知—科学识别—价值重塑—规划调控—政策引导—技术支撑”从科学到决策的国土空间生态保护和修复研究路径;（2）以山东省烟台市为例,围绕重焕蓝色海洋、连通生态廊道、牢筑生态屏障、优化生态格局和彰显绿色宜居策略,探索国土空间生态保护和修复应用实践。研究结论：生态文明背景下国土空间生态保护和修复走向可持续生态系统综合管理成为必然,所提出的研究路径和应用实践为国土空间生态保护和修复研究提供了新的思路与方法。     

四川省国家级重点保护蕨类植物资源及保护对策

四川省的国家重点保护蕨类植物8科9属10种，其中Ⅰ级保护3种，Ⅱ级保护7种；就四川的实际情况提出了若干保护措施。     

Targeting Conservation Investments in Heterogeneous Landscapes: A Distance-Function Approach and Application to Watershed Management

To achieve an environmental objective at least cost, decision makers must integrate information about spatially variable biophysical and economic conditions. Although the biophysical attributes that contribute to an environmental outcome are often known, the way in which these attributes interact to produce the outcome is often unknown. We introduce a nonparametric conservation targeting approach that relies on distance functions to cost-efficiently allocate conservation funds. We apply the approach empirically to the case of conservation contracting for water-quality objectives. The contract portfolios derived from the application have many desirable properties, including intuitive appeal and robust performance across plausible parametric scoring measures.     

峡江县森林涵养水源和保育土壤价值核算

以最新发布的《中国森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》为依据,根据2009年峡江县二类森林资源调查资料,对峡江县森林生态系统的涵养水源(调节水量、净化水质)、保育土壤(固土、保肥)等生态服务功能价值进行初步核算,核算结果,峡江县森林生态系统涵养水源价值为30.55亿元/a,保育土壤价值为872.64万元/a。     

中国东西部地区碳排放的比较研究

能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础,是促进经济增长最基本的要素之一。随着世界经济的迅速发展,气候变化对人类活动的影响越来越深,也越来越受到国际社会的重视,实现节能减排已经成为全人类共同的目标。中国正处于工业化和城市化快速发展的过程,经济增长与资源供给和环境保护的矛盾日益尖锐。中国东西部地区经济发展存在较大差距,能源利用状况也不尽相同,本文比较研究东西部地区的碳排放,采用截面样本具有垂直维度信息和时间序列样本具有水平横截面信息的面板数据模型,并引入空间效应和计量方法,理论上对低碳能源发展进行补充和完善,实践上为政府制定经济与环境相互发展的能源战略提供指导,为中国全面实现节能减排提供参考。     

生态文明视角下的生态旅游实践

建设生态文明,使生态文明观念在全社会牢固树立,这是对我国人口剧增、资源短缺、环境恶化的严峻形势进行深刻反省的一种明智选择,也是实现经济社会可持续发展的必由之路。生态文明建设是一个长期的渐进过程,而生态旅游是生态文明观指导下旅游产业发展的具体实践。本文在厘清生态文明与生态旅游的内涵的基础上,分析了我国生态旅游实践中存在的问题与约束性条件,并对生态文明视角下我国生态旅游的实践方式与途径进行了探讨。     

Unethical use of wildlife in tourism: what's the problem,who is responsible,and what can be done?

Wildlife tourism is a huge global market, the revenue from which can promote local livelihoods and tourist education, enact conservation, and improve animal welfare. Such benefits arise if wildlife tourist attractions (WTAs) prioritise ethical deliverables above financial profit, but recent work has shown that the majority of WTAs have substantial negative animal welfare and conservation impacts. In the absence of global regulatory authorities, tourist revenue has become the ultimate arbiter of what constitutes acceptable use of animals in WTAs. Tourists, however, are not adequate assessors of WTAs’ animal welfare and conservation impacts: they lack the specialist knowledge required and are subject to a number of psychological biases that obscure the ethical dimensions of decisions to attend particular WTAs. This inadequacy is evidenced, and compounded, by overwhelmingly positive reviews on TripAdvisor (the industry-leading review site), even for WTAs with objectively poor ethical standards. Our suggested solution is to empower tourists by presenting unequivocal assessments of WTAs' animal welfare and conservation impacts, hosted in the fora that tourists already use to make their travel decisions. We would thereby promote a subjective norm that tourists should consider and limit their individual negative impacts when choosing which WTAs to visit.     

Community participation in World Heritage Site conservation and tourism development

This study investigates the factors contributing to community participation in a World Heritage Site (WHS) using Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability (MOA) model. We examined the effects of these factors on three levels of community participation. The findings showed that motivation had the greatest positive effect on the low level of community participation. Opportunity had the greatest effect on the high level of community participation. Among the dimensions of ability, namely awareness and knowledge, the findings showed that more aware residents were more interested in low level of community participation, whereas residents with more knowledge were more interested in high level of community participation. This study contributes to the tourism development and WHS conservation and management literature by examining the effects of MOA factors on three levels of community participation. Moreover, this study has a number of practical implications for local authorities in terms of community participation.     

西部大开发对西部地区碳排放演变的影响

西部大开发后西部地区经济增长加快、人民生活水平提高,但产业结构、技术水平以及生态环境质量却并未表现出同等程度的改善或提升。采用30个样本省份1995—2011年的面板数据,运用双重差分法进行分析,结果发现：西部大开发在促进西部地区经济增长以及地区经济趋同的同时,也使得西部地区的碳排放（尤其是人均碳排放）与其他地区相比增长更快,与此同时,西部地区与碳排放相关的因素和条件（如产业结构、技术水平、市场化程度等）未得到显著改善。在既有的资源禀赋、发展阶段、产业结构以及经济发展方式下,西部大开发初期着力于固定资产投资和资源、能源开发,忽视教育事业、市场化改革、技术创新等软环境建设,导致西部地区在经济增长的同时碳排放相对增加。因此,在今后的西部大开发规划中,应当着力于转变经济发展方式,加强软环境建设,重视人力资本积累和技术创新,提升市场化水平,才能在发展地区经济的同时实现节能减排。