Optimal mixed taxation,credit constraints,and the timing of income tax reporting

We study optimal income and commodity tax policy with credit‐constrained low‐income households. Workers receive an even flow of income during the tax year, but report their incomes and make tax payments (receive transfers) at the end of the year. They spend their disposable income on multiple commodities over the year. We show that differentiated subsidies on commodities can be optimal even if the Atkinson–Stiglitz Theorem conditions apply. When the optimal policy leaves low‐income households with binding credit constraints, it may be optimal to subsidize differentially the good that they consume in higher proportion. Uniform subsidies would also relax the credit constraint, but would be more costly to the government since they would equally benefit unconstrained households. Numerical examples suggest that commodity tax differentiation increases with basic needs and with the interest rate at which government borrows.     

Optimal selling mechanisms for multiproduct monopolists: incentive compatibility in the presence of budget constraints

We analyze the nonlinear pricing problem faced by an incomplete information monopolist operating in a market populated by agents with budget constraints. We show that if other goods are available and if the monopolist's goods are nonessential relative to other goods, then there exists an optimal, individually rational, and incentive compatible selling mechanism for the monopolist (Theorem 1). Moreover, we show that a solution to all such nonlinear pricing problems exists if and only if the monopolist's goods are nonessential (Theorem 2). In the absence of nonessentiality, we show that if the monopolist's profit function is independent of quantity (e.g., if all costs are fixed), then an optimal selling mechanism exists (Theorem 3). Finally, we show that if there is reporting (of types by agents) and partial recognition of types (by the monopolist), then an optimal selling mechanism exists, even in the absence of nonessentiality, provided agents' utility functions are affine and continuous in goods (Theorem 4).     

ESG表现与企业金融化——内外监管双“管”齐下的调节效应

以2011—2018年A股非金融、非房地产上市公司为样本,探讨环境、社会责任及公司治理（ESG）表现对企业金融化的影响效应。研究表明：ESG表现抑制了企业金融化,而企业内部监管会放大ESG表现对企业金融化的负向效应,外部金融监管则弱化了两者之间的负向关系。抑制效应、放大效应和弱化效应在环境、社会责任方面体现较为明显,而在公司治理方面不明显。进一步研究发现,ESG表现以及环境、社会责任能通过融资约束抑制企业金融化行为,融资约束在公司治理对企业金融化的影响中不具有中介作用;异质性分析发现ESG表现以及环境、社会责任对企业金融化的抑制效应在国有企业、研发能力较强企业中较为显著,而公司治理在非国有企业和研发能力较强的企业中表现出正向的金融化效应。研究结果丰富了ESG表现影响企业金融化的理论机制,为完善上市公司监管制度体系、夯实实体经济发展根基提供了依据。     

关于中小企业融资难、融资贵问题的思考

中小企业融资难融资贵是个世界性难题,我国的中小企业融资难融资贵问题则又带有鲜明的中国特色。中小企业天生具有融资难和融资贵的特点,信息不对称更会加剧此问题。无论是发达国家还是发展中国家都将解决中小企业融资难融资贵问题提升到战略高度给予重视,也构建了各具特色的政策扶助体系,力图弥补市场机制的缺陷。我国应借鉴国外的成熟经验,并结合国内金融改革的路径、金融市场发展的思路以及实体经济发展的总体特点,制定一个兼顾短期、中期和长期的发展战略,从法治、产业、财政和金融等多方面对中小企业融资环境进行综合改革。     

Trade credit,collateral liquidation,and borrowing constraints

Assuming that firms’ suppliers are better able to extract value from the liquidation of assets in default and have an information advantage over other creditors, the paper derives six predictions on the use of trade credit. (1) Financially unconstrained firms (with unused bank credit lines) take trade credit to exploit the supplier's liquidation advantage. (2) If inputs purchased on account are sufficiently liquid, the reliance on trade credit does not depend on credit rationing. (3) Firms buying goods make more purchases on account than those buying services, while suppliers of services offer more trade credit than those of standardized goods. (4) Suppliers lend inputs to their customers but not cash. (5) Greater reliance on trade credit is associated with more intensive use of tangible inputs. (6) Better creditor protection decreases both the use of trade credit and input tangibility.     

Dividend decisions in the property and liability insurance industry: mutual versus stock companies

This article examines the effect of organizational forms on corporate dividend decisions by exploring the differences in dividend payout ratios between mutual and stock property–liability (P–L) insurers in the US. Our large sample evidence suggests: (1) mutual insurers tend to have a lower dividend payout ratio than stock insurers and the observed difference is about 4% points, holding other factors constant; (2) mutual insurers tend to adjust dividend payout ratios toward their long-run target levels more slowly than stock firms. These results are consistent with the capital constraints and/or greater agency costs of equity in mutual insurers.

企业避税行为对企业创新的影响——基于中国A股上市公司的实证分析

创新是经济发展的原动力,企业拥有充足的现金流是保证其能够持续进行创新活动的基本条件。企业的创新活动经常会受到外部的融资约束,合理避税可以间接为企业带来资金流入,为创新活动创造条件。鉴于此,以全部A股上市公司2009—2019年数据为样本进行实证检验,分析企业避税行为对企业内部创新会产生的影响。研究发现,企业合理的避税活动对企业创新起到一定的促进作用,在进行稳健性检验之后结论依然成立。     

企业ESG表现改善的技术创新促进效应研究

ESG表现的改善不仅能够显著提升企业形象,而且对企业可持续发展具有多重积极影响,包括融资约束缓解效应、代理成本减少笑效应、内部控制优化效应等,而这些积极效应又将促进企业的技术创新。采用沪深A股上市公司2011—2020年数据的分析发现：ESG表现的改善能够显著促进企业技术创新,且其中存在缓解融资约束、降低代理成本、优化内部控制等影响路径;ESG表现改善的技术创新促进效应因企业特征的不同而具有异质性,非国有企业比国有企业、重污染企业比非重污染企业更强,成长期和成熟期企业比初创期和衰退期企业更为显著;市场化程度对ESG表现改善的技术创新促进效应具有负向调节作用,在市场化水平较低、政府对市场干预程度较高、产品市场发育程度较低的地区企业ESG表现改善的技术创新促进效应较强。因此,一方面,应加快构建和完善中国特色ESG体系,推动企业积极实施ESG战略以及ESG信息披露数量和质量的提升;另一方面,应对不同类型、不同地区企业的ESG表现提出差异化要求,在强化外部监督的同时激励和支持各类企业的ESG投资。     

新疆农产品面向中亚市场“走出去”的动因、制约因素及其对策建议

在上海合作组织和中亚区域合作机制下,中国新疆与中亚国家的农业合作日趋紧密。无论从近期还是从长远来看,要实现中国农业的可持续发展,不断增加农民收入,不仅要开拓农产品市场空间,更要充分利用国际国内两种资源。对中国而言,中亚一方面是中国一个巨大的农产品需求市场,另一方面其农业资源条件可以共同开发和利用。开展与中亚国家农业合作、开发资源、销售产品,可以为新疆农业发展和农民增收探索新的空间。     

Discount rates and credit markets: Theory and evidence from rural india

Three models of credit markets - (1) the permanent income model, (2) upward sloping credit supply to individual borrowers, and (3) constrained credit due to imperfect enforcement - are tested using credit market data and an experimental study of individuals' discount rates in south India. The permanent income model is rejected by both the discount rate and the credit market data. The discount rate data are consistent with either of the other two models, while the credit market data are consistent with a combination of these two models. Other explanations are found to be insufficient to explain the results of this study.