Ecosystems,externalities, and economies

This paper incorporates an ecosystem model into a model of a simple economy. The decisionmaking agents in the ecosystem are individual organisms aggregated to the species level. A species may provide utility directly to humans, or it may provide utility indirectly because it is used either as a raw material in goods fabrication or as sustenance for other species. We describe a comparative static equilibrium of the ecosystem where species' demands for other species are equal to the supplies of those other species, and energy is conserved. The ecosystem is then embedded in the economy so that the effects of human intervention can be traced through both the ecosystem and the economy. Human intervention creates ecosystem externalities such that ecosystem equilibria are shifted and the new equilibria affect the utility or the production processes of other humans. This framework allows us to describe in principle which ecosystem services can be efficiently usurped by humans, which waste flows can be efficiently allowed into ecosystems, and which ecosystem organisms and physical attributes can be efficiently maintained.     

论我国非公有制经济发展的动力机制转换

我国非公有制经济发展的启动力量和扩张动力，一直主要源于政府的安排和推动。由于外部环境和内部实力的深刻变化，这种以政府为主导的外生动力机制的延续，对非公有制经济的主体意识、微观经营机制、市场空间扩张与力量壮大，均产生诸多消极影响。转换动力机制，激活并充分发挥其内在动力，是市场经济条件下实现非公有制经济持续、健康、快速发展的客观要求。     

Intended electoral participation in transition countries

This paper examines the determinants of intended electoral participation. We analyze attitudes to both referenda and voting in national elections. Sample survey data are obtained from the Eurobarometer survey of transition countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The empirical results suggest that intended electoral participation increases with age, income and education. But attitudinal variables are also important and in particular confidence in the free market economy and satisfaction with the general development of the country impact positively on intended electoral participation. Received: Received: April 2003 / Accepted: August 2004, Accepted: Received: April 2003 / Accepted: August 2004, JEL Classification: H26, K42 We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of CERGE-EI. We are also grateful for the helpful comments of three anonymous referees, the journal editor and R. Filer and L. Squires.     

慈善组织理事会治理对会计信息质量的权变影响研究

利用2005-2019年中国慈善基金会数据,基于权变理论视角,探讨慈善组织理事会治理对会计信息质量的影响效应。研究发现：理事会规模越大、理事的平均年龄越大、理事中国家工作人员越多、女性理事占比越低,慈善基金会会计信息质量越高;而理事长和秘书长两职合一对慈善基金会会计信息质量不存在显著影响;理事会治理对会计信息质量的影响随着慈善基金会捐赠依赖度和外部审计质量的不同而发生权变,捐赠依赖度越小、外部审计质量越高的慈善基金会,理事会治理对会计信息质量的监督效应越强。     

外在压力与内在激励：老龄化背景下地方政府的财政选择

在人口老龄化背景下,地方政府的财政支出选择存在外在压力和内在激励。在理论分析人口老龄化影响地方财政支出偏好的作用机制基础上,采用中国省级财政数据检验老龄化背景下地方财政选择偏好。研究结果表明：地方政府财政支出是提高社会福利支出的外在压力和增强地方财政可持续性的内在激励的多路径效应结果,这种影响效应具有财政自给率和老龄化程度的非对称性。为了实现地方财政可持续性和有效应对老龄化社会的公众诉求压力,有必要尽快完善地方政府考核体系,完善地方公共支出的需求表达机制,改善当前财政支出责任地方化的状态。     

汇率制度:变迁轨迹与经济绩效

通过对汇率制度变迁下实际汇率水平、内外部均衡目标的实证研究发现:钉住一揽子货币制度能较好的实现内部均衡目标,经济绩效显著;相对浮动汇率制度在内部均衡目标实现方面的经济绩效不显著,却能有效的促进外部均衡目标的实现;固定汇率制度能促进内部均衡目标的实现,国内经济绩效显著,却不能有效促进外部均衡目标的实现。我国汇率制度的变迁揭示,汇率变化要与国内经济结构和市场能力相适应。当前人民币升值虽然是趋势,但要循序渐进缓步推进,给予国内经济结构和出口行业留有转型时间和空间。我国均衡汇率的逐步形成,需要实现国内经济绩效和国际经济绩效的协调同步,才能实现经济可持续发展。     

一般院校人才培养与环境建设研究

高等学校尤其是一般院校的人才培养和学校发展必须受到客观存在的外部自然环境、社会环境、特定环境的影响,同时也受到学校内部资源环境、管理环境、文化环境的影响.要提高人才培养质量,实现学校发展目标,除了主动适应外部大环境外,应依据其变化,及时研究对策调整决策,充分利用有利的外部环境,尽量减少不利的外部环境的影响;同时要加强内部环境建设,采取有效的政策措施,发挥内部环境的积极作用,克服消极作用.     

The evolution of consumer knowledge and sources of information: Hungary in transition

The authors’ research in Hungary during the period of transition to a market economy provides an opportunity to examine the evolving relationships between consumer product knowledge and its antecedents, including advertising, personal search, interpersonal sources, and brand experience. Their findings, based on survey data collected in Budapest in 1992 and 1998, indicate that the market information variables explain more variance in consumer knowledge later rather than earlier in the transition. Advertising is an important predictor of consumer knowledge later but not earlier in the transition, personal search is important at both times, and interpersonal sources are not important in either time period; brand experience is negatively related to knowledge earlier in the transition and positively related later in the transition. This study allows one to begin to understand the boundary conditions associated with studies conducted in developed economies. Managerial implications for firms investing in transitional economies are presented. Robin A. Coulter (robin.coulter@business.uconn.edu) is Ackerman Scholar and an associate professor of marketing in the School of Business at the University of Connecticut. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. Her research interests include branding, cross-cultural consumer behavior, advertising, and research methods. Her work has appeared in theJournal of Consumer Research, the Journal of Consumer Psychology, theJournal of Applied Psychology, and theInternational Journal of Research in Marketing. Linda L. Price (llprice@email.arizona.edu) is Soldwedel Professor of Marketing in the Eller School of Management at the University of Arizona. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. Her research combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to examine the active, emotional, imaginative aspects of consumers’ decisions and activities, and the social and cultural context of marketplace behaviors. Her work has appeared in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing, and other leading marketing, management, and social science journals. Lawrence Feick (feick@katz.pitt.edu) is a professor of business administration in the Katz Graduate School of Business at the University of Pittsburgh. He received his Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University. His current research focuses on cross-cultural consumer behavior, consumer word-of-mouth, and referrals. His work has appeared in the Journal of Marketing, theJournal of Marketing Research, the Journal of Consumer Research, Psychological Bulletin, andPublic Opinion Quarterly. Camelia Micu (camelia.micu@business.uconn.edu) is a marketing doctoral candidate at the University of Connecticut. Her research interests include advertising and product trial and cross-cultural consumer behavior.     

论商业银行产权主体的金融创新

近年来有学者提出“中国金融创新”假说,之后有人甚至把“我国商业银行的创新”的观点作为定论写进教材。本文沿制度分析的路径,得出中国至今尚未出现金融创新的结论。因为任何一种创新活动的形成,都暗含一个最基本的条件,即需要一个创新主体,这个创新主体即是经济组织的产权主体。只有这个产权主体才是创新的“内在因素”。金融创新只有以清晰的且人格化的产权主体这样的“内在因素”为前提,才能在外部环境的刺激下,获得创新的原动力。本文认为迄今为止我国包括商业银行改革在内的金融改革,实际上全是由政府效用函数所牵引的政府行为。我国商业银行受产权制度的制约,尚未真正成为创新主体,金融改革的最大不足,也在于企图避开商业银行产权制度的改革,而商业银行产权制度的合理安排恰恰是金融创新的先决条件。