“西电东送”中的生态补偿机制研究——基于三区域可计算一般均衡模型分析

本文基于2002年贵州、广东和中国大陆其他地区的资源—经济—环境社会核算矩阵(SAM),建立了三区域可计算一般均衡模型(CGE),按照"谁污染,谁付费"和"谁受益,谁付费"的原则,分别模拟在电力生产环节和电力消费环节征收生态补偿税对贵州、广东和中国大陆其他地区的经济、环境和能源消耗的影响,并考虑了税收的不同返还方式对地区经济的影响。结果表明:由于地区间经济发展不平衡,任何税收的冲击对贵州的经济负面影响都比广东要大。因此,我国应该以差别环境税率协调地区经济发展;同时,利用转移支付手段,根据自然条件和区域社会经济发展水平进行地区生态补偿。     

Point pattern analyses of accomodation in Toronto

This paper draws attention to the significance of large cities as tourist destinations and to the importance of accomodation establishments as a component of the urban fabric. Using accomodation directories as the major source of information, the changing numbers and types of accomodation are described and the spatial distribution of accomodation is analyzed using three methods of point pattern analysis. An increase in the number of establishments has been replaced by a more recent decline. There has also been a decline in the relative importance of motels. The average size of establishments has increased markedly and the very large hotels, which are less constrained spatially than the smaller units, nevertheless are concentrated in the downtown area and the airport environ.     

Tourism and the changing photographic image of the great lakes Indians

Photography has been an indispensable component of tourism in Western cultures. Whether taken by tourists or by commercial photographers, pictures constitute an important window through which tourist ideology can be analyzed. Drawing on a sample of over 600 post cards issued between 1900 and 1970, this study traces the emergence and widespread adoption of Plains Indian imagery in pictures of Great Lakes Indians. The analysis focuses on some of the ways in which photography and tourism have articulated in reinforcing as well as advancing a stereotyped image of the Indian in the western Great Lakes.     

独立董事制度与我国公司治理结构的冲突与法律协调

引入英美法上的独立董事制度是摆脱我国上市公司治理中内部人控制突出、董事会不独立以及监事会有名无实等困境的需要。然而，由于独立董事与我国现有的公司治理结构存在价值取向和监督职能上的冲突，我国引入该项制度时，必须从法律上统一公司治理的价值取向，并明确独立董事和监事会各自的权限，从而协调二的冲突。     

财政支持"三农"政策效应的CGE模拟分析

文章在对CGE模型基本原理进行简要说明的基础上,介绍了一个“八部门财政CGE模型”,并利用该模型对2006年中央财政支持三农政策的效应进行模拟分析。结果表明:(1)中央财政支持“三农”政策在提高农民收入、减缓城乡收入差距扩大方面有着较为明显的效果;(2)农民收入提高间接拉动了消费的增长,对调整投资与消费比例能起到较好的推动作用,并促进整个国民经济的平稳增长;(3)支持“三农”的财政政策并不能从根本上改变城乡居民收入差距扩大的基本格局,最终的出路还是应该在于:加快农村产业结构升级,转移农村剩余劳动力,提高农村劳动生产率。     

Climate Policy without Tears CGE-Based Ancillary Benefits Estimates for Chile

This study examines a hithertoneglected set of benefits from climate policy,viz., the reduction in emissions of localair pollutants and the associated healthbenefits, in this case for residents ofSantiago de Chile. By using an economy-widemodel, we are able to compare these monetisedbenefits to the direct costs of carbonabatement, thereby determining the scope for no regrets CO₂ reductions. Sensitivityanalysis is performed in recognition of theuncertainty surrounding certain key parameterand exogenous variable values – notably,households' willingness to pay (WTP) forreduced mortality and morbidity risk, and thesubstitution elasticities among energy sourcesand between energy and other inputs. Ourresults suggest that, even with the mostconservative assumptions (low WTP, lowelasticities), Chile could reduce CO₂emissions by almost 20% from the 2010 baselinewith no net welfare loss, though a 10%reduction is closer to optimal. If insteadChile were to target a 20% reduction inparticulate concentrations, a particulate taxwould incur slightly lower costs than anequivalent carbon tax to achieve the samehealth benefits. While the latter is asecond-best method of addressing localpollution, the welfare loss of choosing thisinstrument could be fully compensated by carboncredit sales at a world market price of$20/tC.     

Allowing for uncertainty in exogenous shocks to CGE models: the case of a new renewable energy sector

The paper explores the importance of allowing for uncertainty in the magnitude of exogenous shocks in Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. The shock examined is the introduction of a new onshore wind sector in North East Scotland. A simple analytical model is developed to show how, a priori, the size of the new sector (the model shock) is uncertain and asymmetrically distributed as a result of spatial correlation in costs and returns across potential development locations. The importance of allowing for this uncertainty is tested by comparing the results from a CGE model where the sector size is assumed known with certainty to those from a model where the sector size is a random variable with an asymmetric distribution. The results show the extent to which allowing for uncertainty can influence the magnitude of estimated impacts with some variables more sensitive to the uncertainty than others.     

基于CGE模型的碳税政策对碳排放及居民福利的影响分析

本文通过构建可计算一般均衡模型,分析了征收10元/吨、20元/吨、30元/吨和40元/吨碳税对宏观经济的影响,其次,利用经济产出效应和能源强度效应来衡量碳税的减排效果,最后,模拟保持居民福利水平不变的情况,分析碳税的“双重红利”。研究结论表明：碳税是一种可行的政策选择,能够明显降低二氧化碳排放;除政府收入和消费增加,对其他宏观经济变量如实际GDP、名义GDP和居民福利均产生负效应;居民的收入和消费降低,但农村居民和城镇居民受影响的程度存在差异;碳税的实施充分发挥了能源强度效应的抑制作用并减弱了经济产出效应的促进作用;在征收碳税的同时降低个人所得税率,保持居民福利不变,可以实现碳税的“双重红利效应”。     

SpinalHeal Ltd.: Planning the Financial Statement Audit

This instructional audit case places the student in the role of an audit manager and requires preparation of an audit planning memo that addresses significant risks at SpinalHeal Ltd.—a private Canadian company, with international operations, that develops and distributes medical implants for spinal surgery. This year's audit is particularly challenging. There appear to be significant control deficiencies and potential noncompliance with laws and regulations, as well as several complex accounting issues (revenue recognition, intangible assets, and contingent liabilities) which must be addressed. In addition to drafting the planning memo, the audit manager must resolve how to deal with a partner request and prepare a memo to the client that explains the financial reporting implications of crowdfunding.     

对外贸易与中国制造业发展:基于可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型的模拟分析

运用CGE模型模拟分析了对外贸易对我国制造业主要行业的产出、收益及投资水平的作用效果.分析结果显示,制造业产出、收益和投资变化率与对外贸易变化率呈正相关;除了金属行业的收益增长率在贸易小幅增长时,其行业的收益率高于贸易的增长率以外,其余行业的贸易的增长率均大于各行业收益增长率,低于投资增长率;而贸易的小幅增长对于纺织业、金属行业、炼焦、煤气和石油加工业的收益水平的提升更有利;贸易的高度增长对于具有增长潜力的机械行业更有利;对于食品制造业、化学行业、非金属矿物制品业来讲贸易的适度增长对行业发展更有利.由此提出在大力发展制造业贸易的同时,要针对各行业对贸易的不同敏感程度,合理的调整产业政策,发挥技术创新能力,以此提升制造业的贸易利得.