CGE模型与微观模型连接方法* ——基于宏观冲击与微观效应整合分析框架的综述

宏观经济学与微观经济学这两个领域一度界限分明,但是近年来两个子学科已经逐渐融合,从微观层面经济当事人的行为出发来解释宏观经济现象的研究屡见不鲜。考察宏观经济环境变迁所产生的微观主体行为的变化是实证研究中关于宏观经济学与微观经济学相联系的另一类典型,而CGE模型是有效连接两个领域的重要手段。国外相关研究在21世纪开始盛行。本文将梳理和总结现有宏观-微观模型结合分析的相关方法并通过一个例子来解释该类方法的具体实践。     

燃油税改革对我国节能减排影响的动态CGE研究

2009年1月1日起我国实施成品油税费改革。燃油税是一种经济信号,其变动会引起一个经济体全方位的反应。采用动态CGE模型——MCHUGE模型对燃油税改革对我国节能减排的影响进行仿真研究。研究表明,燃油税改革在短期和长期均能显著降低中国的能源强度,其原因是燃油税改革优化了中国经济的产业结构,第二产业尤其是重工业在GDP中所占比重下降,减少了总体的能源消费。     

碳关税对中国工业品出口的影响——基于可计算一般均衡模型的评估

碳关税政策作为一项边界调节机制,其目的是弥补因二氧化碳减排对本国生产的碳密集型产品的国际竞争力所造成的损失。碳关税政策违背《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)的基本原则和WTO的国民待遇原则,但可能适用WTO/GATT的一般例外条款。本文在分析中国工业品出口的隐含碳排放量的基础上,采用动态可计算一般均衡模型测算了碳关税对中国工业生产、出口和就业的可能影响。本文模型的评估结果表明,每吨碳30美元或60美元的关税率可能使中国工业部门的总产量下降0.62%～1.22%,使工业品出口量分别下降3.53%和6.95%,同时使工业部门的就业岗位减少1.22%和2.39%,而且以上冲击可能在5～7年甚至更长时期内产生持续影响。尤其值得注意的是,通常被认为不属于能源密集型或碳密集型行业的机械制造业出口和就业可能面临较大冲击。针对碳关税政策可能对中国工业生产、出口、就业等各方面发生的较为严重的冲击,本文提出了几条缓解碳关税冲击的应对策略,并提出了针对碳关税政策的反制性策略。     

人民币汇率双向波动对中国及世界经济的影响--基于单一国家和多国的动态 CGE 模型

随着人民币国际化进程的加快,人民币汇率波动的国际效应进一步加强。文章分别建立了单一国家和多国的动态 CGE 模型,基于最新的全球贸易分析计划(GTAP )数据库和中国2012年投入产出表,分别模拟了2016－2030年人民币持续贬值和先贬值后升值的两种情景,并从物价水平、国际贸易、经济总量、行业产出等多个方面分析了人民币汇率变动对中国及世界主要经济体的影响。研究发现：(1)在价格指数方面,人民币贬值将给中国带来一定的通货膨胀压力;(2)在贸易方面,人民币贬值只能在短期内扩大中国的净出口,但在远期反而会导致净出口下降;(3)在经济总量方面,人民币贬值只在开始阶段的短期内能促进中国经济增长,而长期贬值将导致中国经济增长速度放缓;(4)在产业结构方面,中国的农业和工业在贬值情景下的产量呈现先升后降的趋势,而服务业的产量持续下降。总之,两种情景均不利于中国经济的长远发展;相反,东盟、日本和美国等世界主要经济体将从中长期受益。因此,中国政府应当制定若干针对性的政策措施,加强预期管理,实施差别化的外贸政策,加强多方合作,积极应对国际汇率波动带来的风险。     

Comparison of Input–Output,Input–Output + Econometric and Computable General Equilibrium Impact Models at the Regional Level

Economic impact studies are a common practice—indeed, a necessary prerequisite in many cases of project development—in Australia. Although input–output (IO) is still regarded as the ‘bread-and-butter’ model for these types of study, attention in recent years has turned towards more sophisticated models, the main contenders being integrated IO + econometric and computable general equilibrium models. All these models, which are often promoted as substitutes, exhibit characteristics which are theoretically and empirically appealing, yet questions have been raised with respect to the different approaches, with apparently little awareness at the practitioner level as to the extent of these differences. This paper compares the three models and demonstrates that the differences can be quite substantial, even when the models rely on the same database and are subjected to the same impact scenario.     

航天飞机自动进场着陆引导系统

本文通过对航天机自动进场着陆过程特点和着陆引导系统的介绍,认为采用新一代标准微波着陆系统(MLS)作为航天飞机自动进场着陆的传感器是最佳选择.     

国内外节能减排政策研究综述

伴随着经济持续快速增长,我国的能源与环境问题也日渐突出。当前,节能减排已成为保持我国社会经济可持续发展的必然选择。本论文从市场手段和行政手段两个方面,综述国内外已经开展的节能减排政策研究,并在此基础上指出利用CGE模型开展节能减排政策研究具有广阔的应用前景。     

An Analysis of Public Agricultural Research in the Canadian Prairie Provinces

This study has developed a four-equation model of agricultural research in Canada using some aspects of special interest theory, institutional theory and economic variables. The demand, supply and allocation equations were developed with special reference to the Canadian agricultural research sector and the more restrictive prairie agricultural research sector. The conceptual model developed is designed to explain the allocation of public expenditures on commodity specific applied research. The reduced-form equation of the model was estimated for 6 commodity classes (2 crops, 4 livestock groups) to test the applicability of the model over the commodity groups.
The evaluation of the reduced-form equation model and the implications that derive from it give an interesting view of the Canadian research sector. Some variables did perform as a priori expected with relative consistency and certain equations performed very well. These results lead to some implications for the Canadian agricultural research sector.
The general performance of the reduced-form equation and its ability to explain the total variation of expenditures on commodity specific agricultural research gives limited support to the model developed. Nevertheless the results tend to indicate that agricultural research is responsive to economic and institutional variables.     

Quasi-Monte Carlo application in CGE systematic sensitivity analysis

The uncertainty and robustness of Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models can be assessed by conducting a Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (SSA). Different methods have been used in the literature for SSA of CGE models such as Gaussian Quadrature and Monte Carlo methods. This article explores the use of Quasi-random Monte Carlo methods based on the Halton and Sobol’ sequences as means to improve the efficiency over regular Monte Carlo SSA, thus reducing the computational requirements of the SSA. The findings suggest that by using low-discrepancy sequences, the number of simulations required by the regular MC SSA methods can be notably reduced, hence lowering the computational time required for SSA of CGE models.     

气候变化对我国粮食安全的均衡分析

文章基于一般均衡模型构建了A2与B2两种气候变化情景下我国未来社会发展状况,以叶立明等人的研究成果(2030年与2050年我国三大粮食单产变化)作为政策冲击要件,模拟并分析了2030年与2050年我国粮食供给与需求状况。研究结果表明:A2与B2两种气候变化政策情景下的粮食供给与需求存在较大差异,但中低排放情景下的B2气候变化政策情景对我国粮食供需平衡更为有利;针对分品种粮食供需不平衡的状况,该文认为可以从调整种植结构的角度来改善;尽管政策情景下未来粮食供求较为乐观,但影响粮食安全的社会因素较多,保障粮食安全切不可掉以轻心。