Money and prices: U.S. Data 1869–1914 (A study with directed graphs)

This paper reconsiders empirical evidence on relationships among money, income, nominal prices, and wheat prices. Error correction and directed acyclic graphs are used to study both lagged and contemporaneous relations in late 19^th and early 20^th century U.S. data. We summarize evidence supporting the view that money was a causal actor in price movement in this period. In the long run (at a five year horizon), over twenty percent of the movement in price is explained by earlier movements in money supply; whereas, wheat price accounts for less than ten percent of this movement. There is also evidence that money supply was not exogenous, as it was determined, in contemporaneous time, by movements in the general price level and income. About forty percent of the variation in money is explained by current or lagged prices and income. There remains considerable uncertainty with respect to role of wheat prices in this period. Innovations in wheat price explain over twenty five percent of the uncertainty in real income at the five year forecast horizon – suggesting wheat price as either causal or proxying for more fundamental causal forces in the U.S. economy over our period of analysis. First version received: December 1999/Final version received: February 2001     

多级矢运算

多级矢运算(Clifford代数或几何代数)比通常的数学工具诸如矢量、张量、旋量及外微分形式有很多优越性。介绍了多级矢运算的基础知识及其复数性质。以刚体转动为例,由二维几何空间到三维几何空间,用多级矢运算来描述,展示了多级矢运算的优越性,体现了物理几何体系包含“点”、“线”、“面”、“体”等空间的复数性质。     

Augustinian Moral Consciousness and the Businessman

Augustine of Hippo (354–430 A.D.) meditated on the transcendent attributes of numbers that accountants so skillfully employ and on the attributes of moral rules. He thereby achieved a profound awareness of their Source in Truth. Nature is also governed by numbers; it is a “melody” that, again, woos one to its Source in Beauty. Whereas some businessmen meditate to clear their minds of clutter so as to make successful business decisions, Augustine persisted beyond the mere absence of clutter. Within the stream of his own consciousness he found a focal point that led to the experience of the presence of a transcendent God in his own deeper self. The “order of love” enables one to achieve balance and a higher freedom wherein one cannot do wrong and possesses the courage to work toward building an earthly city that is just and beautiful, one that facilitates Everyman’s penetration of his own depth. Grace Natoli received her Master’s degree and Doctorate from Fordham University, having written dissertations on Augustine the Stoic and on The Actualism of Giovanni Gentile. A recipient of Fulbright and Italian government grants, she studied at the University of Genoa with Michele Sciacca, who was strongly influenced by Augustine. She studied the subjective idealism of Gentile and the objective idealism of Antonio Rosmini and of Sciacca. She is Adjunct Assistant Professor of Philosophy at St. John’s University in Jamaica, New York.     

Index Number Concepts,Measures and Decompositions of Productivity Growth

This paper explores the definitions and properties of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) indexes, focusing especially on the Paasche, Laspeyres, Fisher, Törnqvist, and implicit Törnqvist ones. These indexes can be evaluated from observable price and quantity data, and certain of these are shown to be measures of TFPG concepts and theoretical indexes that have been proposed in the literature. The mathematical relationships between these and quantity aggregates, financial measures, and price and quantity indexes are explored. Decompositions of the productivity growth indexes are also given. The paper concludes with a brief overview of some limitations on our analysis.     

Remarks on the strong law of large numbers for a triangular array of associated random variables

A strong law of large numbers for a triangular array of strictly stationary associated random variables is proved. It is used to derive the pointwise strong consistency of kernel type density estimator of the one-dimensional marginal density function of a strictly stationary sequence of associated random variables, and to obtain an improved version of a result by Van Ryzin (1969) on the strong consistency of density estimator for a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables.     

数学命题在珠算硬、软件建设中的作用（下）——兼谈中进制理论的一项应用

运用珠算解决高等数学问题的关键所在，即珠算的硬软件建设。本文摒弃千年古制、万国常法，借助数学命题揭示珠算硬件、软件的内部机制，为应用数学和珠算开拓了广阔而崭新的研究领域。     

Net Present Value-Consistent Investment Criteria Based on Accruals: A Generalisation of the Residual Income‐Identity

Abstract:   In recent years, many firms have favoured residual income for value based management. One main argument for this measure is its identity with the net present value rule and that this compatibility with the net present value rule holds true for all possible depreciation schedules selected. In this article, we analyse whether there are other, undiscussed, accrual accounting numbers that enable net present value‐consistent investment decisions for all possible depreciation schedules. Our analysis provides an if‐and‐only‐if characterisation of the entire class of net present value‐consistent investment criteria, based on accounting information. This provides new insights into the residual income concept, hurdle rates, opening and closing error conditions achieved by applying more common performance measure structures, and allocation rules. Moreover, our analysis shows the limits of constructing such investment criteria.     

中西方禁忌数字之略谈

由于语言特征、宗教文化、神话传说以及民族文化心理的差异,禁忌数字在中西方文化中并不完全相同。同一个数字在一种文化中得到人们喜欢,却有可能遭到另一种文化的厌恶。对于中西方禁忌数字的了解不仅可以加深不同文化间的理解,而且对于跨文化交流大有裨益。     

基于外包风险分析的物流服务能力评价

为使物流外包企业在对物流服务提供商的管理中,同时考虑物流服务能力与外包风险,将外包风险的相关要素纳入到物流服务能力的评价中,提出了基于外包风险的物流服务能力要素体系。并利用模糊集等理论方法,为物流外包企业提供了一种基于三角模糊数的物流服务能力评价方法。     

基于三角模糊层次分析的电子商务物流项目评价研究

对申请进入物流园区的项目进行科学评价和筛选．是确保因区物流项目质量的重要手段。针对目前电子商务物流飞速发展的现状,结合电子商务物流的特点。构建适用于电子商务物流项目的评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定各因素权重．并结合三角模糊数理论对项目进行综合评价打分。通过实证分析说明该三角模糊数评价模型能够有效评价电子商务物流项目。