城市化背景下赣江流域植被初级生产力的时空变化

城市化对植被初级生产力的变化具有重要影响,本文在前人研究的基础上进一步研究城市化过程中建设用地扩张等人类活动对植被初级生产力的间接影响,以赣江流域为例,探究了2000-2015年十五年里城市建成区变化情况,并从整个流域与城市两个尺度分析2000-2015年赣江流域植被初级生产力时空变化特征,探究了建成区面积与降水、气温等气象因子的关系。结果表明,2000-2015年赣江流域植被初级生产力除部分建设用地地区总体呈现上升趋势,其中非建成区呈现显著增加趋势,平均每年增加2.297 d/km²。在城市尺度上,随着建成区面积的增大,城市植被初级生产力也随着不断上升。另外,研究表明,气温与降水等气象因子对城市植被初级生产力具有一定的推动作用。     

Efficiency and Technical Change in the Philippine Rice Sector: A Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Analysis

Regional differences in total factor productivity, efficiency, and technological change in the Philippine rice sector are examined for the post-Green Revolution era. Malmquist productivity indices were constructed for 1971–90 and were decomposed into efficiency and technological change. The average annual Malmquist productivity growth was only slightly positive. Productivity growth was negative during the early 1970s, and was followed by a period of positive growth. Growth was negative again in the late 1980s. The period of positive growth coincided with the introduction of new rice varieties while the declines are likely to have been caused by intensification of rice production in lowland farming systems. Certain regions such as Central Luzon, Western Visayas, and Southern and Northern Mindanao had higher rates of technological change than others. This may be due to higher investments in infrastructure and education, increased adoption of tractors, and a better agroclimatic environment.     

人口,土地和农业生产力水平:二十世纪初无锡农村地区人口压力的测量

论文把"生存压力"和"劳动力剩余"作为测量"人口压力"的两个具体指标,在对20世纪初无锡农村地区人口,土地和农业生产力水平详细考察分析的基础上,对20世纪初无锡农村地区的人口压力进行了测量。论文从"人均土地粮食收获水平"和"剩余劳动力规模"两方面讨论了当时无锡农村经济所面临的资源困境,以及其有可能的发展出路。论文认为在当时那种沉重的人口压力下,提高农业生产力水平和发展工业和城市经济是实现农业经济增长和农村经济转型的关键。然而,就是在当时全国工业和城市经济最为发达的江南,其当时的工业和城市经济发展程度也远不足以吸收足够多的农村剩余劳动力,在资金和技术上对农业生产予以显著的支持,为农村经济发展带来本质性的变化。     

农用地产能核算在耕地保护补偿机制构建中的应用

在界定区域耕地保护补偿的基础上,对农用地产能核算与区域耕地保护补偿机制的联系进行分析,并设计了基于农用地产能核算结果的区域耕地保护补偿机制技术路线和区域耕地保护补偿步骤。同时,根据设计的技术路线和补偿步骤,从政策层面和操作层面提出了构建完善区域耕地保护补偿机制的建议,以期为改善目前耕地数量和质量分割计算的耕地保护机制提供有益参考。     

Productivity Growth, Efficiency and Outsourcing in Manufacturing and Service Industries

This paper is a survey of recent contributions to, and developments of, the relationship between outsourcing, efficiency and productivity growth in manufacturing and services. The objective is to provide a thorough and up–to–date survey that provides a significant discussion on data, as well as on the core methods of measuring efficiency and productivity. First, the readers are introduced to the measurement of partial and total factor productivity growth. Different parametric and non–parametric approaches to the productivity measurement in the context of static, dynamic and firm–specific modelling are discussed. Second, we survey the econometric approach to efficiency analysis. The issues of modelling, distributional assumptions and estimation methods are discussed assuming that cross–sectional or panel data are available. Third, the relationship between outsourcing and productivity growth in manufacturing and services is discussed. The correspondence between a number of hypotheses and empirical findings are examined. Examples of varieties of relevant empirical applications, their findings and implications are presented. Fourth, measurement of inputs and outputs in manufacturing and services are discussed. Finally, to promote useful research, a number of factors important to the analysis of outsourcing, efficiency and productivity growth in the service sector are summarised.     

区域制造业空间效应及生产性服务业发展模式选择

通过空间计量模型考察生产性服务业发展模式与制造业集聚的空间溢出效应后发现:生产性服务业专业化水平及多样化水平与制造业集聚呈倒U型关系,同时城市化水平会对服务业发展模式与制造业集聚关系产生影响。分区域模型研究发现,生产性服务业对制造业全要素生产率影响因区域经济发展水平、产业层次、要素禀赋等因素有所差异,东部地区制造业全要素生产率与生产性服务业呈线性关系,适合选择多样化发展模式;中部地区呈倒U型关系,现阶段中部地区生产性服务业更适合选择多样化发展模式;西部地区生产性服务业发展水平与制造业全要素生产率呈正U型关系,生产性服务业专业化和多样化发展都将促进制造业全要素生产率提升。     

“环保费改税”提高了重污染企业全要素生产率吗？

《环境保护税法》的实施为检验“环保费改税”的效果提供了准自然实验。以2015—2020年沪深A股重污染行业上市公司为样本,采用双重差分模型（DID）检验了“环保费改税”对重污染企业全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明：“环保费改税”显著提高了税费负担提标地区重污染企业的全要素生产率,整体上支持了“波特假说”;但是,税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提高并非源于“环保费改税”引发的创新补偿效应,而是源于“环保费改税”增加了资源配置效率。上述结果支持了“波特假说”有关“环境规制优化了资源配置效率进而提高企业生产率”的结论。进一步分析发现,“环保费改税”对税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提升效应在民营企业和研发投入强度大的企业中更显著。     

中国省级区域经济增长及差距的经验研究

在考虑人力资本要素的基础上,将中固30个省份1990-2005年的经济增长分解为效率变化、技术进步和资本积累,分别考察了三者对经济增长的贡献,然后使用绝对收敛方程分析了它们的收敛效应.结果显示,1990-2005年中国30个省份的技术效率为0.8;经济增长的77%是由要素投入增加推动的,TFP对经济增长的贡献在23%左右;技术进步是推动TFP增长的重要因素,也是地区问经济差距扩大的主要原因.缩小地区之间经济增长的差距不仅需要要素积累,还需要增强落后区域的技术进步能力.     

Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production — processes, trajectories, implications. An introduction

Humanity's role in shaping patterns and processes in the terrestrial biosphere is large and growing. Most of the earth's fertile land is used more or less intensively by humans for resource extraction, production, transport, consumption and waste deposition or as living space. Biomass production on cropland, grazing areas and in managed forests dominates area requirements, but other processes such as soil degradation, human-induced fires and expansion of settlements and infrastructure play an increasingly important role as well. The growing human domination of terrestrial ecosystems contributes to biodiversity loss as well as to a reduced capability of ecosystems to deliver vital services such as buffering capacity, soil conservation or self-regulation. This special section is devoted to the presentation of recent research into the patterns, determinants and implications of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP), an integrated socio-ecological indicator of land use intensity. By measuring the combined effect of land conversion and biomass harvest on the availability of trophic energy (biomass) in ecosystems, HANPP explicitly links natural with socioeconomic processes and allows for integrated analyses of land systems. This introductory article explains the rationale that links current HANPP research to Ecological Economics and discusses issues of definition and methods shared by all articles included in the special section. Finally, it gives an overview of the individual papers, provides some general conclusions and presents an outlook for future research: a better understanding of long-term trajectories of HANPP, of the significance of trade patterns as well as of the future role of bioenergy are highlighted as important issues to be addressed in the coming years.     

中国城市化水平与产业生产率增长的实证研究

对1978-2008年中国城市化水平对第二产业和第三产业生产率增长的影响进行实证分析,结果显示：城市化对产业增长的影响有着类似于全要素生产率（TFP）的作用;城市化对产业生产率增长的技术效应和要素重置效应都有贡献。这表明,城市发展对产业增长形成了要素的集聚效应和重置效应,促进了产业生产率的提高;但工资成本的上升不利于产业生产率的增长。