产业转型升级阶段的制造业生产效率评价及影响因素——基于2003—2009年江苏省面板数据的分析

本文运用超效率DEA-Tobit模型对江苏省制造业三十个行业2003—2009年间的生产效率及影响因素进行了分析,研究发现：（1）2003—2009年江苏省制造行业整体技术水平偏低,虽然大部分行业处于规模递增的状态,但行业规模仍然偏小。同时,由于纯技术效率和规模效率的普遍不高,导致样本期内江苏省制造业技术效率水平偏低。（2）表象上行业市场结构强、资本劳动力投入要素比例大、外商直接投资额多,会对江苏省制造业行业生产效率的提升起到很大的作用,然而本文的实证结果表明,行业绩效与生产效率之间存在着显著的正相关关系,投入要素比例与生产效率的负相关性也较为显著,而行业结构和FDI与生产效率的显著性不强。     

人力资本、R&D与生产率增长——基于中国省级数据的实证分析

利用1998~2007年中国地区面板数据,在测算各地区全要素生产率增长、技术进步及技术效率变化的基础上,对人力资本、R&D与生产率增长之间的相关关系进行了实证考察。研究结果表明,在考察期内,中国全要素生产率有所提高,技术进步是其增长的动力来源;人力资本与R&D促进了中国全要素生产率的提升,这种提升主要是通过技术进步来实现的,对技术效率反而产生了显著的负面影响。     

生产率与中国高技术企业出口相关性研究——基于异质企业贸易理论的视角

高技术产业出口近年来迅速增加,容易使人得出我国贸易结构升级,国际竞争力加强的结论。我国2008年近两万家高技术企业的微观数据分析表明企业出口与生产率呈现负相关关系,这一现象不符合异质企业贸易理论。研究发现企业性质、企业资本劳动比才是出口的主要影响因素。高技术产业中加工贸易企业的大量存在是造成其违反异质企业贸易理论的根本原因。     

产业集聚一定能带来经济效率吗：规模效应与拥挤效应

规模效应与拥挤效应是产业集聚“一枚硬币的两面”,集聚也会导致集聚效应由规模效应向拥挤效应转变。本文利用１９９９～２００７年全国６０个工业城市数据,实证分析拥挤效应对全要素生产率的影响,证实了拐点的存在。通过运用门限模型发现２００３年是我国经济发展的拐点,进一步的面板回归表明２００３年及以前规模效应占主导,之后拥挤效应的约束性作用逐渐凸显,集聚度与全要素生产率存在着倒Ｕ型关系。本文的研究结论有着重要的政策启示：一是我国已经进入拥挤时期,鼓励先发地区向欠发地区产业转移有着必要性;二是就城镇化建设而言,在鼓励农村富余劳动力向城市转移过程中,缺乏要素激励的转移可能只会产生拥挤效应而不是规模效应。     

重庆市制造业的绿色经济增长核算：2001—2010

基于生产前沿理论的绿色经济增长核算模型,不仅将技术无效率和环境代价纳入了分析框架,而且还与“物质平衡思路”一致;该模型将绿色经济增长的源泉分解为环境约束下的技术进步、技术效率变化和资本深化3大部分.对重庆市27个制造行业的经验分析结论表明:经济增长中普遍存在着技术无效率现象,但50％以上行业的技术效率都得到了改善或维持不变;资本深化是经济增长的主要源泉,而技术进步主导的全要素生产率变动在其中的贡献相对较小;技术进步是引致全要素生产率增长的主要原因.为充分发挥重庆市制造业可持续发展潜力,后续发展中必须转变经济发展方式,在环境约束下走技术进步和技术效率改善的绿色全要素生产率增长之路.     

State enforceability of noncompete agreements: Regulations that stifle productivity!

Noncompete agreements (also known as covenants not to compete [CNCs]) are frequently used by many businesses in an attempt to maintain their competitive advantage by safeguarding their human capital and the associated business secrets. Although the choice of whether to include CNCs in employment contracts is made by firms, the real extent of their restrictiveness is determined by the state laws. In this article, we explore the effect of state‐level CNC enforceability on firm productivity. We assert that an increase in state level CNC enforceability is detrimental to firm productivity, and this relationship becomes stronger as comparable job opportunities become more concentrated in a firm's home state. On the other hand, this negative relationship is weakened as employee compensation tends to become more long‐term oriented. Results based on hierarchical linear modeling analysis of 21,134 firm‐year observations for 3,027 unique firms supported all three hypotheses.     

Productivity growth and biased technological change: The case of Moroccan hotels

This paper proposes a procedure to analyze Moroccan hotels productivity, based on Luenberger productivity indicator to estimate and decompose productivity change into efficiency change and technological change. This paper enlarges the procedure and further decomposes technological change to study the sources of bias in technological change. Therefore, a clearer and more enlightening view of tourism productivity change emerges. Policy implications are developed.     

The Impact of Frictions in Routine Execution on Economies of Scope

Research summary: Based on a detailed database of a beverages producer‐distributor that expanded its product variety by leveraging its logistic network, we show that product diversification generates economies of scope and also higher operational costs. The result is an inverted‐U relationship between variety and productivity: When the firm offers few additional categories, productivity grows, but as the number of categories rises, the costs of executing the operational routines increase rapidly and productivity falls. The negative effect on productivity increases if the added product category is more dissimilar to previous ones, and decreases with learning from operational experience. Our results highlight how frictions at the operational level can limit the benefits of diversification, even in the absence of other sources of diseconomies, such as increased coordination needs. Managerial summary: One of the prevalent reasons for companies to expand to adjacent product lines is attaining economies of scope. However, such growth strategy also generates operational frictions, even if the day‐to‐day routines do not appear to change at all. Product diversity is disruptive for routine execution, as it requires coordination and exception handling, and may ultimately overcome any efficiency obtained from growth. We estimate the relevance of such operational friction using data from a beverages distribution network. When product variety is low, additional categories do generate efficiency, but after reaching a given threshold, friction prevails. We find that operational friction increases when products are more dissimilar, but is attenuated when workers learn from their own and other's experience. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of Low-Cost Land Certification on Investment and Productivity

New land reforms are again high on the policy agenda and low-cost, propoor reforms are being tested in poor countries. This article assesses the investment and productivity impacts of the recent low-cost land certification implemented in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, using a unique household and farm-plot-level panel data set, with data from before and up to eight years after the reform. Alternative econometric methods were used to test and control for endogeneity of certification and for unobserved household heterogeneity. Significant positive impacts were found, including effects on the maintenance of soil conservation structures, investment in trees, and land productivity.     

But are they Meritorious? Genetic Productivity Gains under Plant Intellectual Property Rights

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) on the productive merit/yield increases of US seed varieties. As an example, we use wheat varieties, which are and have been available as both protected and unprotected under PVP from both the public and private sectors. We find evidence that PVP has contributed to the genetic improvement of wheat, using varietal trial data from Washington State. As the private open‐pollinated varieties exist only because of PVP and are higher yielding, these results indicate a clear public benefit from PVP.