生产力:是什么与什么是——从系统论看马克思的生产力理论

关于“生产力”,马克思有诸多提法和表述。正确认识和处理不同含义的生产力概念及其相互关系,无疑是正确地理解和把握马克思的生产力理论乃至整个唯物史观的重要前提。本文运用现代“系统论”方法,分别就生产力系统的“系统质”、系统内部的“要素”和“结构”、系统外部的“环境”和“条件”进行梳理和剖析。基本结论是：要把“系统质”的一般层面的生产力规定与内部“要素”和“结构”、外部“环境”和“条件”等具体层面的生产力规定区别开来;前者回答的是生产力“是什么”的问题,后者回答的则是“什么是”生产力的问题;既不能把这些不同层次的生产力规定混为一谈,更不能用具体层面的任何一种生产力规定去排斥甚至取代一般层面的生产力规定。     

事务所多元化经营与生产效率——基于事务所的平衡面板数据

本文运用2006年至2010年45家事务所的平衡面板数据,基于Malmquist生产效率指数计算事务所的动态生产效率,并进而针对事务所多元化经营与生产效率的内在关联展开分析.研究发现,由于纯技术效率变化的增长幅度较小,注册会计师行业生产效率提升的主要驱动因素是技术水平进步和规模效率进步;执行多元化经营的事务所相比于仍然仅专注提供传统审计业务的事务所,获得了更大的技术进步、更高的规模效率改善,以及更高的生产效率进步;进一步区分不同类型事务所,本土大型事务所的“先动者”没有获取更大的生产效率进步,及相应分解项的改善,本土事务所的“早期从众者”则不仅获得了更高的生产效率进步,也获取了更大的技术进步和更高的规模效率改善.     

Total Factor Productivity and Energy Intensity: An Empirical Study of China’s Cement Industry

China is the largest cement producer and consumer in the world. The cement industry’s rapid growth has led to a large demand of energy. This study reviews China’s cement industry in terms of energy intensity and examines the effects of technological progress on energy intensity. It also discusses the feasibility of achieving China’s energy reduction targets. We employ the Granger causality test and find that the total factor productivity or technological progress causes the energy intensity of the cement industry. Impulse responses analysis also proves that in the long run the technological change contributes to the decline in energy intensity of cement production.     

中国工业结构有序变动的劳动生产率因素研究——基于劳动生产力增长率和GM(1,3)模型的分析

灰色模型CM(1,3)很好体现了资本使用量和劳动投入量对下期工业产出值增加率的影响。通过对2003-2005年劳动生产力和灰色模型分析可以看出,中国能源类工业部门产出的增加更多依赖于劳动力的投入;化纤和石油等工业生产率提高呈现出较高趋势,其劳动力对产出值增加的影响度在下降。     

Have R&D Spillovers Declined in the 21st Century?

Slow growth over the last decade has prompted policy attention towards increasing R&D spending, often via the tax system. We examine the impact of R&D on firm performance, both by the firm's own investments and through positive (and negative) spillovers from other firms. We analyse panel data on US firms over the last three decades, and allow for time‐varying spillovers in both technology space (knowledge spillover) and product market space (product market rivalry). We show that the magnitude of R&D spillovers remains as large in the second decade of the 21^st century as it was in the mid 1980s. Since the ratio of the social return to the private return to R&D is about four to one, this implies that there remains a strong case for public support of R&D. Positive spillovers appeared to temporarily increase in the 1995–2004 digital technology boom. We also show how these micro estimates relate to estimates from the endogenous growth literature and give some suggestions for future work.     

Distinguishing external from internal scale effects: The case of public infrastructure

The recent applied production theory literature focusing on the economic performance of firms has increasingly recognized the importance of scale effects on costs and therefore efficiency. These scale effects may include short run returns due to fixity of privately demanded inputs (i.e., capital, long run internal returns to scale, and external factors affecting costs. Since these different types of scale effects can be thought of as shifts in and movements along cost curves, the different cost effects of such factors can be identified in a framework which explicitly takes them into account in the definition ofscale.In this article we formalize such a framework, and then use it to measure short run, long run (internal) and external scale effects from fixity of private capital, nonconstant returns to scale and public infrastructure. We then use these measures to identify the impacts of these different scale factors on productivity growth. The focus on public infrastructure as an important external scale factor is motivated by the current theoretical and policy interest in this issue; we show how a structural production theory model provides a rich basis for the analysis of the cost effects of infrastructure investment.     

Does remittance fuel labour productivity in Bangladesh? The application of an asymmetric non-linear ARDL approach

Bangladesh, a labour-abundant country, is finally learning to reap gains from her labour abundance. The historical under-optimized capital–labour ratio of Bangladesh is slowly moving towards its optimum as the migration of its labour force and consequent inflow of remittance strategically converts its abundant labour into capital. Though the fear that remittance as an alternative source of earning may result in Dutch disease for existing family members; annual data for 1982–2013 and through applying standard testing methodologies, our empirical findings suggest that such a fear is not valid since remittance flow significantly improves domestic labour productivity in Bangladesh in the long run.