钻石理论模型述评

在对波特钻石理论模型概述后，主要从卡特赖特（Cartwright）的多因素钻石模型，邓宁（Dunning）的国际化钻石模型，鲁格曼和克鲁兹（Rugman，Cruz）的双钻石模型，穆恩、鲁格曼和沃伯克（Moon，Rugman，Verbeke）的一般化的双重钻石模型，乔东逊（Cho．D．Sung）的九要素模型等方面对波特钻石理论模型的拓展进行了综述，对波特钻石理论模型作了评论，并对模型进行了修正。     

信息技术对竞争景框的影响--对波特观点的完善与修正

在分析信息技术对企业的影响时，波特教授对竞争景框变化的论述并不全面和完全正确。不全面在于，他只述及信息技术对地理景框和产业景框的影响，没有提到另两个方面——细分景框和纵向景框的变化。不正确在于，他笼统地提竞争景框的扩大或缩小，而竞争景框四方面在外力作用下变化并不总是一致的。本文认为，在信息技术影响下，竞争景框发生了四个方面不同的变化：细分景框、产业景框和纵向景框三个方面是缩小的，地理景框是扩大的。     

Whether to Abolish or Introduce Dual Regulation as Trade and Environmental Policy?

China, which has already introduced an environmental tax in an effort to decarbonize, has recently begun emissions trading and is using two environmental policies in tandem, but there are concerns about the impact on growth and trade. Trade and environmental policies affect firms' entry and exit, resulting in changes in aggregate productivity and pollution emissions. This study compares the impacts of single regulation and dual regulation on welfare, using a research-and-development based growth model with heterogeneous firms. Under single regulation, the cleansing effect of trade liberalization could be undermined. Under dual regulation, trade liberalization decreases pollution and improves average productivity whereas decreasing total permits reduces pollution. From the perspective of improving welfare it is desirable to choose dual regulation because trade liberalization can reduce total pollution emissions via the cleansing effect of trade liberalization.     

新环保法实施增大了企业的技术创新投入吗？——基于PSM-DID方法的研究

以2012—2017年A股上市公司为样本,借助双重差分倾向得分匹配法（PSM-DID）研究了新环保法实施这一外生性事件对企业技术创新投入的影响。结果显示,新环保法实施后受影响企业的技术创新投入有所增加,但结果并不显著。进一步探究其原因,发现除新环保法影响可能存在的时滞性特征以外,企业并没有在新环保法实施环境下对企业的资本结构、治理结构和激励方案等影响企业技术创新的重大方面做出及时调整,导致环保法的强制性作用无法快速、有效地影响企业的技术创新。     

“环保费改税”提高了重污染企业全要素生产率吗？

《环境保护税法》的实施为检验“环保费改税”的效果提供了准自然实验。以2015—2020年沪深A股重污染行业上市公司为样本,采用双重差分模型（DID）检验了“环保费改税”对重污染企业全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明：“环保费改税”显著提高了税费负担提标地区重污染企业的全要素生产率,整体上支持了“波特假说”;但是,税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提高并非源于“环保费改税”引发的创新补偿效应,而是源于“环保费改税”增加了资源配置效率。上述结果支持了“波特假说”有关“环境规制优化了资源配置效率进而提高企业生产率”的结论。进一步分析发现,“环保费改税”对税费负担提标地区重污染企业全要素生产率的提升效应在民营企业和研发投入强度大的企业中更显著。     

基于波特钻石模型的中国汽车金融产业竞争力分析

本文以汽车金融为独立金融产业,在波特钻石模型基础上引入金融竞争力若干指标,对我国汽车金融产业的生产要素、国内需求、支持性产业和相关产业、公司结构、战略和竞争分析进行分析。研究发现我国汽车金融产业竞争力存在复合型汽车金融人才匮乏、资金来源限制多、消费征信制度缺失、汽车信贷产品单一、市场开发不够,产业集中度低等问题。最后从产业政策、法律制度与监督管理三方面提出了汽车金融产业竞争力的提升对策。     

浅析《灰白马、灰白骑手》的作品结构和文艺形象

《灰白马、灰白骑手》是一则书写具体经验的故事。它运用空间的转换,体现主题——战争的混乱——政治、社会、心理和道德的暗示。在不算长的篇幅中,把素材、主题、结构和风格融为一体,揭示出在疾病、战争和死亡的威胁下西方人的处境和对待人生的态度。     

A critique of Porter＇s cost leadership and differentiation strategies

Porter identifies high market share with cost leadership, citing GM as a successful practitioner of this strategy. However, GM became a market share leader in the American automobile industry due to a strategy of market segmentation, differentiation and a broad scope shaped during the 1920s. Porter argues that cost leadership and differentiation offer an equally viable path to competitive success. Nevertheless, a differentiation strategy based on superior quality compared to competition is more profitable than cost leadership strategy. It can lead a business to become a market share leader, and consequently even a low-cost leader. Research indicates that differentiation and cost leadership can co-exist. However, Porter insists that each generic strategy requires a different culture and a totally different philosophy. The problem is that Porter＇s generic strategies are too broad. It is not his logic that is flawed, but his basic premise that prescribes cost leadership strategy as the only route to market share leadership, and presents a narrow view of differentiation with a unique product--sold at a premium price--on the one hand, and a ＂standard, or no-frills＂ product on the other. Mintzburg （1988） says Porter＇s cost leadership strategy should be called ＂price differentiation＂： a strategy that is based on a lower price than that of the competition. He suggests that business strategy has two dimensions： differentiation and scope. Thus, setting scope aside, competitive strategy has only one component： differentiation. So, the key question is not whether to differentiate, but how？ First, make customer-perceived quality as the foundation of competitive strategy because it is far more critical to long-term success than any other factor. Second, serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment, offering better quality than the competition at a somewhat higher price. It is this path that can lead to market share leadership--a strategy that can be both profitable--and sustainable.     

基于比较优势四个来源的新钻石框架及其政策含义——兼论波特模型的解释困难

本文说明了相对于比较优势理论而言国家竞争优势理论的若干解释困难,重点阐述了存在于钻石模型四个要素中的矛盾和问题。通过对生产要素概念的扩展、让技术作为第四要素正式加入要素体系,建立了以自然资源、劳动力、资本和技术四项生产要素为支点的新钻石框架,力图解释国家竞争力的产生和强化机制及其与生产率提高和政府作用的直接关系。最后,结合我国经济的增长,讨论了针对新钻石框架四个支点的国家职能和政策含义。     

20年来国内凯瑟琳·安·波特研究综述

凯瑟琳·安·波特是美国南方女性作家的杰出代表。国内对波特小说的研究已有二、三十年时间,主要的研究方向是波特小说中所体现的女性意识、南方意识、宗教观点等。在综述了国内近年来波特研究成果的基础上,探讨了波特小说今后的研究趋势。