国际储备的演进与储备货币的价值分析

进入新世纪全球国际储备规模快速扩张,结构显著变化,进一步凸显了当代国际货币体系固有的体制性缺陷。研究表明,主导新世纪国际储备的主权信用货币实际上只有主权而没有信用。因此,当代国际储备体系必须改革,中国的国际储备也应该调整。     

中国外汇储备对货币政策的影响

20世纪90年代中期以来,我国外汇储备在国际收支双顺差和外汇管理体制改革的推动下超常增长,并成为制约货币政策有效性的重要因素。本文从理论上阐明了在开放经济条件下,外汇储备与货币政策的内在逻辑联系;从实证角度剖析了外汇储备变动对我国货币政策调控的冲击,以及引起汇率政策与货币政策的冲突。我国应改革现行的外汇管理制度,加大公开市场业务操作力度,促使国际收支结构平衡,以提高货币政策实施的自主性和灵活性。     

Monetising the Classical Equations: a theory of circulation

The Classical Equations describe output and income in real terms.To use them to analyse aggregate demand, the transactions theydescribe must be ‘monetised’. A sum of money equalto the wage bill of the capital goods sector can be shown tobe necessary and sufficient to carry out all transactions, ina process of circulation which also defines an expression forvelocity. When money has intrinsic value, the quantity approachmay hold in the short run but, in the long run, money will beendogenous. In these conditions, the rate of interest will bedetermined by the supply and demand for reserves, but when moneyis purely nominal, only a minimum rate will be fixed, and therate of interest will have to be pegged. The Appendix developsthe Classical Equations and shows that they define an invariableunit of account.     

Scarce collateral and bank reserves

If collateral for bank loans is scarce and, if as a result, access to secured loans is restricted, the allocation of resources is inefficient. In anticipation of future borrowing constraints, individuals over-invest in collateralized types of capital, and consume and invest inefficiently low levels while they are borrowing constrained. The dual counterpart of this misallocation of resources is inefficiently low interest rates. In this situation, bank reserves play a positive welfare role by adding liquidity to the economy and by increasing not only bank lending rates, but also, paradoxically, bank deposit rates. As a result, in economies with scarce collateral the optimal reserves–requirement ratio is positive.     

当前国有银行改革的政策风险与政策启示--兼论外汇储备注资的货币扩张效应

当前以外汇储备注资开始的国有银行改革试点蕴含着很高的政策风险.在微观层面,政府所有(或控制)的股权结构能否衍生出健康良好的银行公司治理机制,能否真正划清政府与银行之间的界限,本身存在疑问;在宏观层面,货币化的操作方式会加剧甚至诱发宏观不稳定.国有银行的风险归根结底是一种系统性的制度风险,是一种道德风险,最终要通过全面的体制转轨和健康、持续的经济增长来消化.     

日元升值预期下日本国际投资策略与特点

1971年至1995年期间,日元处于急剧升值阶段,在此之后的十多年里日元升跌互见,整体波动缓和,2008年初以来日元持续升值。在日元升值预期的作用下,自20世纪90年代以来,日本加大了海外直接投资的力度,近2/3的资金流向了经济比较发达的国家和地区。与海外直接投资相比,日本的证券投资规模较大,占海外资产总额的近五成,其投资组合策略注重汇率风险管理,始终保持了一贯的连续性,重视资产的安全性和回报率。日本也加快了以其他方式向海外输出资本的步伐,按照国际收支状况的统计口径,这些投资包括对外贷款、贸易信贷、货币及存款和其他资产,其规模仅次于海外证券投资。研究表明,日本的海外投资区域分布和币种选择体现了分散投资、降低风险的特点,也在较大程度上降低了汇率风险。     

The euro and developing country finance: A survey

More than eight years after the introduction of the euro, impacts on developing countries have been relatively modest. Overall, the euro has become much more important in debt issuance than in official foreign exchange reserve holdings. The former has benefited from the creation of a large set of investors for which the euro is the home currency, while demand for euro reserves has been held back by the dominance of the dollar as a vehicle and intervention currency, and the greater liquidity of the market for US treasury securities. Fears of further dollar decline may fuel some shifts out of dollars into euros, however, with the potential for a period of financial instability.     

中国高额外汇储备的决定机制及可持续性研究

本文通过构建理论分析框架,分析外汇储备可持续性的决定机制和影响因素,选择我国相关数据和变量,建立了VAR模型并进行实证检验,刻画各因素与外汇储备之间的相关性,分解各因素对外汇储备规模的贡献度,从而识别决定外汇储备的短期和长期因素。研究表明出口导向机制、长期利益分享机制和短期套利机制是决定外汇储备规模的三大机制。在决定我国高额外汇储备持续性的因素中,出口是直接的、短期的因素,外商直接投资和人民币汇率是长期的决定因素,而人民币利率既是长期因素又是短期因素。外汇储备规模短期内仍将保持较高的水平,但从长期看,随着我国经济增长方式的转变和套利空间的缩小,经常项目和资本金融项目的双顺差会减少,相应的外汇储备也会下降。因此,在当前的外汇储备管理中,应稳定外汇储备的来源和质量,实现保值增值目标,并充分发挥其维护金融安全的作用。     

基于双基准与多风险制度下的中国外汇储备币种结构配置研究

内容借鉴Markowitz基本均值方差模型的思想,本文运用基于双投资基准和多风险制度的投资组合模型对我国外汇储备币种结构配置进行了实证研究。本文首先从中国实际出发确定了两个投资基准和三种风险制度,进而在此基础上实证研究了在不同投资基准、不同风险制度和不同风险厌恶度情况下的我国外汇储备币种结构。最后,本文提出在不同风险制度转换过程中所对应的我国外汇储备各币种所占比重的调整方向。     

Earnings management and initial public offerings: The case of the depository industry

In a typical IPO, insiders are “net sellers” of IPO shares; however, in a demutualizing thrift, insiders are “net buyers” of IPO shares. Using a sample of mutual depository IPOs, we find evidence consistent with earnings management prior to the conversion of mutual thrifts. We find on average that mutuals report lower ROA and increased loan loss provisions and loan loss reserves in the period prior to the demutualization. Using a two-stage approach, we also find that the level of discretionary loan loss provisions and discretionary reserves are positively related to both the level of insider participation in the IPO and the first-day returns to investors. Our results are consistent with management of mutual thrifts benefiting at the conversion from reduced pre-IPO earnings and book equity resulting from earnings management.