从一起信用证加电汇支付纠纷看国际贸易结算的风险与责任

2008年4月,上海A公司与新加坡B公司洽谈一笔70万美元的出口散货。双方基本达成协议后,B公司提出,为减少银行费用,要求在收到A公司正本提单传真件5日内,电汇30％赁款,其余70％货款以信用证结算。双方合同中约定,只有在T／T支付30％贷款后,B公司才能获得信用证下的提单等凭证;     

人民币成为全球第二大贸易融资货币

<正>据《21世纪经济报道》2013年12月4日报道,人民币已经悄然取代欧元,成为仅次于美元的第二大国际贸易融资货币。环球银行金融电信协会(SWIFT)2013年12月3日发布的报告显示,从是年10月开始,人民币已取代欧元,成为第二大常用的国际贸易融资货币,仅次于美元。而人民币作为全球支付货币的排名维持在第12位不变。根据SWIFT的数据,在传统贸易融资工具——信用证和托收(Letters of Credit and Collections)的使用中,采用人民币作为计价及结算货币的比率,已     

涉嫌被制裁国的信用证开立始末

银行应坚持从源头把控风险,避免或因涉及被制裁国家业务使银行卷入法律纠纷。     

破解广西第一起信用证欺诈案

信用证欺诈的预防和减少,在很大程度上取决于开证申请人是否具备应有的审慎。因此,要降低信用证欺诈风险,必须加强银企合作,共同采取防范措施。     

被指定银行的追索权问题

各种信用证的追索权 按照UCP600第六条规定,信用证的兑用方式有即期付款、延期付款、承兑和议付四种;同时,该条还强调,这四种类州的信用证可以在某特定银行兑用,或是在任一银行兑用,在被指定银行兑用的信用证同时也可以在开证行兑用。     

对开证行拒付电反驳的案例探讨

案例一：出口信用证项下产地证出具人的案例 案例经过 2013年10月31日,西班牙某银行向我国J银行开出信用证,有效期为同年12月30日。其中,46A（所需单据）中要求：Certificate of origin issued by Chamber of Commerce（商会出具的产地证）。     

孟加拉信用证的是是非非

面对孟加拉信用证,出口商应该本着了解你的客户的原则,谨慎对待信用证的条款。在实务中,孟加拉国开立的信用证因内容晦涩难懂、条款繁杂冗长,一直以来被业内人士所诟病。根据孟加拉的外汇管理要求,进出口资金结算均须采用银行信用证的方式,但孟加拉国的银行信用以及企业的商业信用却普遍较差：许多开证行违规操作或与其客户沆瀣一气,在处理信用证业务时不能严格遵循UCP600、ISBP745等国际惯例。     

正视国内信用证风险

国内信用证应回归其本真功能,即回到便利国内贸易结算上来,而其核心就是如何把握贸易背景真实性的问题。     

厘清数据之间的五种关系

厘清数据之间的五种关系,将有助于分析概念的“不相同”是否会构成不符点,在一定程度上有利于解决这一信用证审单实务中纷争不断的问题。 五种关系 信用证单据审核实务中,常常会遇到信用证要求单据显示概念A,而提交的单据显示的却是概念B。例如,信用证要求运输单据显示“FreightPaid”（运费已付）,提交的运输单据却显示为“OceanFreightPaid”（海运费已付）,那么“FreightPaid”和“OceanFreightPaid”的概念差异构成不符吗？要回答此类问题,首先应厘清不同概念的相互关系。     

Behavioural Modification Techniques as Tools for Performance Enhancement in the Nigerian Banking Industry： A Survey of Selected Banks in Makurdi

This paper is a critical analysis of behavioral modification techniques as tools for performance enhancement in the Nigerian Banking Industry. The overriding objective of the study was to determine the impact of behavior modification techniques on performance enhancement in the Nigerian banking industry. The specific focus was on selected banks in the Makurdi metropolis, Benue State. The study employed a simple empirical survey method with a view to eliciting relevant data for analytical purpose so as to answer several questions and to obtain the objectives of the study. Both primary and secondary sources were explored in a bid to attain data which were considered to be highly germaine to the investigation under reference. Five-point Likert scale rating questionnaire was used in obtaining the views and opinions of respondents （i.e. strongly agree-5, agree-4, undecided-3, disagree-2, and strongly disagree--l）. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested. Non-parametric tools including simple percentages and Pearson Chi-square statistics were used due to their analytical simplicity and relevance. The study found that banks in Makurdi utilized behavior modification strategies translated to high organizational success or enhancement in a comparative sense. This was evident from the fact that the banks net profitability trends were observed to be upwards generically. In the light of the findings of the study, it is hereby recommended that proactive behavior modifications strategies rules guideline and the like be tailored along lines with greatest organizational profitability trends and performance enhancement profiles, both potential and actual. This will require rewarding productive behaviors that detect/report fraudulent acts with cash gifts, meritawards, prizes and discouraging unproductive behaviors such as fraudulent activities, absenteeism, drug abuse, alcoholic influences and lateness to work amongst others with punishment, extinction, and negative reinforcement.