一种分层A~*路径搜索算法及性能

基于层次道路网提出了一种分层A*路径搜索算法,其特点是在同一层路网中采用A*算法,而在层次切换时采用一种启发式定向搜索入口节点的方法。既顾及了道路等级性和朝着目标行进等驾驶员的心理因素,又可以获得比传统算法更快的求解速度。实验表明,该算法是可行的、高效的。     

发动机测试数据采集与处理系统的设计及实现

文章探索的是有关发动机性能测试数据方面的技术。对发动机需要测量的数据有转速、扭矩、功率、耗油率、耗油量、机油压力、机油温度、冷却水温等参数。发动机测试数据采集与处理系统由上位机和下位杌组成。下位机主要采用AT89C52单片机，用汇编语言编写相应的程序，用模一数转换器ADC0809把模拟量转换为数字量；而上位机采用PC机，程序语言用VB，存储数据采用Access数据库，最终实现试验数据的显示、存贮与打印等功能。     

Selfishness, cooperation, the evolutionary point of view and its implications for economics

The assumed selfishness of market actors could be considered in the context of two perspectives: macroeconomic and microeconomic. The first concerns the market mechanism as the most effective from the social well-being or the wealth of a nation points of view. The latter is based on the premises of the nature of human beings. I have distinguished between two possible ways of understanding selfish forms of behaviour in the market: as rational economic behaviour i.e. the most effective from the gains and losses point of view (i.e. public interests in the works of A. Smith) or as selfish from the psychological point of view (this is mostly presented by J. S. Mill's theory). The first approach seems to be concerned with the creation of the most effective market mechanism from the State's point of view. In the context of historical processes over 400 years, cultural evolution “has been promoting” selfish behaviour; for example, it was widely presented in T. Hobbes' works and then for over 200 years, the theory of A. Smith has been supporting and moulding the institutional context of market and social behaviour. Thus, positive economics describes the market created by the ideas of a neo-classical paradigm, which is based on the normative premises of A. Smith and J. S. Mill. Moreover, the virtual market behaviour described by “effects” (f. e. Veblen's effect) and failures seems to be a manifestation of a discrepancy between market reality and the classical assumptions.The social evolution of human beings has been advantageous to the human species. Moreover, from the social point of view, pro-social behaviour is “natural” as well as desirable and it has been preferred by the cultural evolution. Competitiveness assumes that somebody has to lose, because someone gains. Cooperation looks for gains for all the players. The choice is political, and not imposed by selfishness.     

A look at the public policy conflict regarding the discovery of accountants' tax accrual workpapers

This article focuses on the conflict in public policy between the need to provide the investing public with accurate information with regard to corporate financial statements and the need to provide the IRS with the necessary tools in order to assure corporate compliance with the tax laws of the country. The conflict arises because of the contention of the IRS that it is entitled to have access to an independent auditor's tax accrual workpapers on the one hand, and the contention by CPAs that such access will prevent adequate disclosure to the independent auditor. The article examines the policy questions on both sides of the issue and concludes that regardless of any decision by the Supreme Court in a pendingcase, Congress should pass legislation to resolve the conflict and clearly identify the scope of any previlage accorded with regard to tax accrual workpapers.     

Differentiation of the Peasantry Under Feudalism and the Transition to Capitalism: In Defence of Rodney Hilton

The focus of the essay is one specific theme pursued by Rodney Hilton: that of differentiation of the English feudal peasantry and the implications this had for the development of capitalism in England. His contribution on this, along with those of E. A. Kosminsky and of Maurice Dobb, are considered and are contrasted with the view of Robert Brenner. For Brenner peasant differentiation has no causal importance: it is an outcome of transformation and not a driving force in its securing. For Hilton, it is central to transformation: it is not an outcome but a determining variable, a causa causans rather than a causa causata. The Brenner position, it is argued, is incomplete in its ignoring of peasant differentiation in feudal England. It was one of Hilton's accomplishments to explore this in scholarly detail, and with analytical precision. It is suggested that if this is abstracted from an adequate examination of the transition to capitalism in England cannot proceed.     

中国外资立法的最新发展和完善

从立法的角度看，中国主要通过三种方式加大吸引外资的力度并逐步加强对外资利用的监管和引导：一是严格遵守入世承诺，扩大外资准入的领域；二是通过对公司法及其配套规章的修订，减少对外商投资企业活动的干涉，增强其活力；三是颁布和完善外资并购的相关立法，为活跃和规范中国并购市场奠定法律基础。     

Global M&A: Still the chocolate industry sweetspot?

Like a dividing cell under the microscope, the American snack food market has split apart into two distinct cells, each with its own unique consumer DNA. The two market segments can best be defined as legacy consumers and next‐generation consumers. This tectonic shift in the confectionery industry may make global industry‐giant mergers more a battle between dinosaurs, lit by meteor light.     

The function-specific microfoundations of dynamic capabilities in cross-border mergers and acquisitions

In mergers and acquisitions, the acquiring firm must combine two firms’ resources and capabilities so that the outcome yields value. In individual firms, the marketing & sales, and R&D functions have typically developed intertwined and complex relationships over time. These multifaceted dependencies may obscure the integration of the firms and their functions. In order to reveal to what extent cross-functional relationships determine the success or failure of an acquisitions, we have made one of the first attempts to study merging firms’ function-specific capabilities, underlying microfoundations, and their cross-functional relationships during the integration process—instead of focusing on acquisition capabilities as such. We use longitudinal data from two cross-border acquisitions between US and Finnish SMEs. Our results indicate that major differences between merging firms’ cross-functional microfoundations—that is, their structures, processes, routines, and skills—might either enforce or erode the seemingly promising synergies at the product and market levels, depending on managerial awareness of their nature.