人民币国际化决定因素分析

货币国际化收益公式是研究货币国际化理论的核心问题。一国货币到国际货币,铸币税收益与境外储备资产金融业收益远大于其所付出的相关成本。但是,货币国际化收益不是一国货币国际化的决定因素,其决定因素还在于该货币的市场选择与制度安排的结果,在于其内在的世界经济地位等因素。     

What Affects New and Established Firms’ Expansion? Evidence from Small Firms in Russia

Research on financial constraints of very small firms is scarce because it is difficult to observe and measure their transactions. Previous studies on small enterprises in post-communist countries have focused either on the effect of financing constraints on business growth (Budina et al., 2000, Economics of Transition 8(2), 453–475; Bratkowski et al., 2000, Economics of Transition 8(1), 101–116) or on the effect of property rights (Johnson et al., 2002, American Economic Review 92(5), 1335–1357). This paper provides evidence on both. It turns out that financing constraints and property rights considerations affects investment in firms of different age differently. Younger firms face higher information costs and their expansion is more dependent on the availability of internal funds than is the expansion of older firms. This paper also finds that while the financial sector did not channel funds to the most successful businesses, there is evidence that loans were given to firms that had more transparent transactions. Results also indicate that the security of property rights does not influence investment in young firms, which is interpreted to mean that only the most efficient entrepreneurs entered the market. In older small firms, investment is negatively influenced by the index of security of property rights suggesting that these firms might have “secured” their property rights by bribes. Improvements in the security of property rights, therefore, would help more micro enterprises to be born as well as decrease transaction cost of established enterprises.      

企业国际化战略中人才管理的几点思考

随着越来越多的中国企业进行市场国际化、业务国际化和资本国际化的国际化战略探索,人才国际化的需求和呼声也变得日益迫切和高涨。本文在明确国际化对人才要求的前提下,对企业国际化的人才管理进行了战略思考。     

Modelling Credit Risk for SMEs: Evidence from the U.S. Market

Considering the fundamental role played by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the economy of many countries and the considerable attention placed on SMEs in the new Basel Capital Accord, we develop a distress prediction model specifically for the SME sector and to analyse its effectiveness compared to a generic corporate model. The behaviour of financial measures for SMEs is analysed and the most significant variables in predicting the entities' credit worthiness are selected in order to construct a default prediction model. Using a logit regression technique on panel data of over 2,000 U.S. firms (with sales less than $65 million) over the period 1994–2002, we develop a one-year default prediction model. This model has an out-of-sample prediction power which is almost 30 per cent higher than a generic corporate model. An associated objective is to observe our model's ability to lower bank capital requirements considering the new Basel Capital Accord's rules for SMEs.     

Corporate sustainability and innovation in SMEs: Evidence of themes and activities in practice

Recently, innovation processes towards sustainable development have received increasing attention in academic literature. This research introduces the combination of insights from innovation theory, sustainable development practice and small business characteristics to unlock new knowledge on factors that influence the translation of sustainable innovation within small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) into practice. The sustainability themes and activities as described for large companies (i.e. in the sustainability reporting and management literature) were used as starting point in this study. It presents empiric results of the PRIMA Project conducted within the rubber and plastics industry (RPI) on sustainable innovation activities. It will show that many sustainable innovations are directed at the improvement of technological processes (eco‐efficiency) and to lower costs of production. These innovations can be seen as incremental. Companies with sustainability integrated in their orientation and innovation processes show value creation: the development of products new to the market (radical innovations) and cooperation with stakeholders. The PRIMA project shows that more insight in SME innovative characteristics and (e)valuation of sustainable innovation efforts provides opportunities to improve the sustainability performance of SMEs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

推动人民币国际化的策略分析——由中韩货币互换说起

文章以金融危机为背景,以2008年12月12日中韩两国签订的货币互换协议对人民币国际化的推动作用为起点,分析推动人民币逐步走向国际化所应当采取的策略。作者认为,中韩货币互换是东亚金融合作的深化,只是在金融危机的背景下才格外引人注目,而且这次货币互换还引起了人们对人民币国际化问题的极大兴趣。作者分析了人民币国际化的有利条件,并借鉴国际上一国货币国际化的理论和模式总结,探讨性地提出了实现人民币国际化的对策建议,同时指出人民币要成为国际货币仍然只能是处于起步阶段。     

The Contribution of Small and Medium Enterprises to Economic Development in Ukraine and Belarus: Some Policy Perspectives

The paper considers the development of small and medium enterprises (SME) in two transition economies where market reforms have been slow (Ukraine and Belarus), focusing specifically on the role of government in the process. Empirical data from a study on SMEs and economic development in Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are used to consider the contribution of SMEs to different aspects of transformation whilst data from a second project are used to show the support needs of SMEs.Following the introduction, which summarises the aims and methodology, the second section presents brief profiles of the context for SME development in each country. Part 3 summarises some of the main empirical findings, focusing on those aspects that have potential policy significance, specifically with respect to employment, innovation, and market orientation, whilst the fourth section considers survey evidence of the support needs of SMEs. The final section draws out the main policy implications of the findings, whilst also setting out an agenda designed to increase the contribution of SMEs to economic development in the future.On the whole, the empirical results demonstrate that some SMEs have developed in Belarus and Ukraine despite the actions of governments, although the number of private enterprises per capita remains small and their qualitative characteristics often reflect the difficult operating conditions. As a result, their contribution to economic and social change is less than it could be, mainly due to an unstable environment and an institutional context that has yet to establish the framework conditions for sustainable private sector development. In terms of policy priorities, the survey data suggest that reform of the distorted legal and financial infrastructures that exist in these countries is the highest priority need.     

城市休闲经济规模与产业化发展新论

公共休闲产业与商业休闲一起构成城市休闲产业的整体。目前我国大部分城市的休闲经济规模远没有达到最优状态。休闲经济规模及其产业化之间是一个协调发展、相互促进的关系。尽管我国城市休闲经济产业化呈现不断升级趋势,但与国外其他城市相比仍存在较大差距。应合理制订休闲产业发展规划,确立政府主导地位,在明确政府协助协调提供公共休闲服务的同时,积极实施休闲产业投资和经营主体多元化策略,培植新兴休闲产业和休闲市场,进一步加快休闲经济产业化进程。     

WTO与中国会计市场

对加入世界贸易组织（WTO）后中国会计市场的发展方向进行了探讨； 介绍了中国会计市场的现状及存在的问题；分析了加入WTO对我国会计市场的挑战；指出了会计师事务所的规模化、国际化、业务多样化将是我们适应WTO的选择。     

论独立审计规范的国际化

独立审计规范国际化的可能性、障碍、基本原则和基本思路。