Evaluating drug cost per responder and number needed to treat associated with lixisenatide on top of glargine when compared to rapid-acting insulin intensification regimens on top of glargine,in patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK,Italy, and Spain

Objectives: This study investigated the cost per responder and number needed to treat (NNT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients for lixisenatide compared to insulin intensification regimens using composite endpoints in the UK, Italy, and Spain.

Methods: Efficacy and safety outcomes were obtained from GetGoal Duo-2, a 26-week phase 3 trial comparing lixisenatide vs insulin glulisine (IG) once daily (QD) and three times daily (TID). Response at week 26 was extrapolated to 52 weeks, assuming a maintained treatment effect, based on long-term evidence in other T2DM populations. Responders were defined using composite end-points, based on an HbA1c threshold and/or no weight gain and/or no hypoglycemia. The HbA1c threshold was varied in sensitivity analyses. Annual treatment costs were estimated in euros (1 GBP?=?1.26 EUR), including drug acquisition and resource use costs. Cost per responder was computed by dividing annual treatment costs per patient by the proportion of responders.

Results: Lixisenatide was associated with the lowest cost per responder for all composite end-points that included a weight-related component. For the main composite end-point of HbA1c ≤7.5% AND no weight gain AND no symptomatic hypoglycemia, cost per responder results were: UK: 6,867€, 8,746€, and 12,410€; Italy: 7,057€, 9,160€, and 12,844€; Spain: 8,370€, 11,365€, and 17,038€, for lixisenatide, IG QD, and TID, respectively. The NNT analysis showed that, for every 6.85 and 5.86 patients treated with lixisenatide, there was approximately one additional responder compared to IG QD and TID, respectively.

Limitations: A limitation of the clinical inputs is the lack of 52-week trial data from GetGoal Duo-2, which led to the assumption of a maintained treatment effect from week 26 to 52.

Conclusions: This analysis suggests lixisenatide is an efficient economic resource allocation in the UK, Italy, and Spain.     

我国渔业补贴政策及其改革探索

我国的渔业补贴政策在一定程度上是积极有效的,但同时也存在补贴总量不足、渔业补贴结构不合理、补贴种类不齐全和补贴核算指标体系不规范等问题。针对存在的问题,我国应从补贴结构、补贴种类和核算方法三个方面对渔业补贴予以改进：从SCM协定中渔业补贴分类、产业结构和补贴方式三方面调整渔业补贴结构;从逐渐削减渔船燃油补贴、加大远洋渔业补贴、新增休闲渔业补贴、建立政府支持型渔业保险制度等方面调整渔业补贴种类;把生产者补贴等值法（PSE）作为渔业补贴核算方法。     

转移支付类型对省内县际间财力不均等的贡献——按收入来源进行的基尼系数分解

转移支付结构是影响财力均等化效应的重要因素之一,然而,对于一些特定类型转移支付的均等化效应,理论界和实践界都存在较大争议。文章运用基尼系数的收入来源分解法,对1999-2004年全国27个省、自治区的省内县际间财力差异进行分解,得到不同类型转移支付对财力不均等的贡献率。结果表明,因素法转移支付的均等化效果并不十分理想;转移支付类型对均等化效应的影响还存在一定的区域性差别,需要政策上的区别处理。     

浅析大学“国际贸易”教学中的“参与型”课型教学模式

国际贸易课程是一门实践性很强的应用型课程,旨在培养学生从事国际贸易的基本技能和良好的专业素质,传统的教学方法存在一些弊端,为适应我国高等教育的发展形势,培养高素质创新型人才,提出把参与型教学理念引入教学实践中,对教学方法进行了相关的改革,从而为社会培养出更多高素质的国际贸易人才。     

气溶胶灭火系统在海上平台的应用

重点介绍了气溶胶灭火系统的分类及特点,并与几种常见气体灭火系统进行了比较。通过分析比较,阐述了气溶胶灭火系统应用在海上平台电气房间的可行性。以绥中36-1油田Ⅰ期调整项目中WHPJ平台的改造为例,详细介绍了气溶胶灭火系统的计算过程。根据计算的结果,并结合其他几个工程案例,指出气溶胶灭火系统适宜应用在新建的简易井口平台或者平台的改造项目中。     

粮食钢板筒仓储粮特性与工艺设计要点

论述了我国粮食钢板筒仓的应用发展概况,分析粮食钢板筒仓的类型、制造过程和各自优缺点。介绍了钢板筒仓的结构组成、储粮特性,并从粮食钢板筒仓工艺设计方面出发,对粮食钢板筒仓工程的工艺流程设计、工艺布置、筒仓容积计算及配套设备做了较全面的探讨。最后,强调了钢板筒仓工程设计中的安全事项。     

Type of diversification and firm resources: new empirical evidence from the Spanish tourism industry

This paper analyses the diversification strategies followed by tourism firms from the perspective of the resource‐based view. More specifically, it seeks to verify whether the composition of the firms' resources has a bearing on the decision to undertake one type of diversification or another (related or unrelated). From a mail survey to 80 Spanish tourism firms, we identified 94 entries into new business areas. We applied an ordered logit regression and have statistically confirmed that intangible resources lead to a more related type of diversification. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

茂名滨海新区招商企业类型对地方税收贡献问题研究

从茂名滨海新区发展的基本情况及经济发展趋势入手,广泛收集相关的税收资料,进行分类整理,按照企业类型运用趋势、对比等分析方法,分析不同企业类型的税收对地方税收总收入贡献的影响,最后得出结论并提出相关建议。     

煤炭企业开放式商业模式研究

进入信息时代以来,经济发展越来越快,“商业模式”一词已经成为社会热议的词汇,不论是理论界还是企业界都在对它进行研究。基于开放式创新角度提出一种新的商业模式的定义,结合我国煤炭企业发展进程中商业模式选择问题,提出煤炭企业选择开放式商业模式的优势,以期给煤炭企业提供一些参考性建议。     

专业村类型形成及影响因素研究

中国的专业村发展在国际上具有一定的独特性.文章以相关理论为基础,构建了专业村类型形成机理和主导因素分析框架,提出企业家精神是专业村形成的主导因素,分工与专业化、邻里效应与距离衰减理论是专业村形成机理的重要组成部分,而地理区位、资源禀赋、传统文化与习俗以及经济基础决定着专业村类型.在此基础上,以河南省四个典型专业村为案例对其进行实证研究.研究表明,能人决定一个村庄能否成为专业村,而不同地理因素对专业村类型的作用大小和作用方式存在显著差异,基本支持所提出的理论框架,进而提出各地应充分发挥村内外能人的作用,根据其区域优势发展特色专业村.