清洁发展机制——广东风电面临的机遇和问题

全球气候变暖所带来的环境问题是所有国家都担忧的问题,也是所有国家要承担的共同责任.<京都议定书>及其三大机制是迄今为止执行"共同但有区别的责任原则"最彻底的国际法律制度.清洁发展机制为工业化国家和发展中国家共同解决全球气候变暖问题提供了一个可行的机制,也给广东风电带来诸多机遇和问题.     

我国碳交易发展中存在的问题分析

文章以碳交易在我国迅速发展为背景,简述了我国碳交易的发展现状,分析并指出了由于国际碳交易市场以及国内碳交易机制不健全等原因造成当前CDM发展中的凸显问题以及隐含问题,并提出了相应的对策建议,以探索适合中国的碳交易发展模式.     

中日一次能源消耗的碳排放及影响因素对比分析

中国和日本是一次能源消费大国，煤、石油和天然气消费比例较高，温室气体排放量较大。受国内能源强度、能源消费结构以及能源效率水平等因素的影响，日本国内碳减排成本远高于我国。《京都议定书》规定的国际碳减排机制为日本实现温室气体境外低成本减排提供了平台，也为我国带来了项目融资和引进环境技术的新机遇。但是，中日清洁发展机制环境合作的实践表明，国际碳减排机制对日本等发达国家实现碳减排目标的贡献较大，而对我国碳排放量的控制贡献较小。我国要想从根本上改善能源消费结构、实现碳减排，必须走低碳经济的发展道路。     

实施林业碳汇项目,推进西部地区可持续发展

林业碳汇项目是利用外资发展我国林业的机遇。西部地区生态环境脆弱,严重制约了本地区的社会和经济的可持续发展。按照清洁发展机制的程序实施林业碳汇项目,可以引进国外资金和技术促进西部地区造林条件差的区域开展造林和再造林,取得经济效益和生态效益,实现西部地区可持续发展。     

清洁发展机制下的低碳技术转移:来自中国的实证与对策研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)下的低碳技术转移,对企业低碳技术进步及节能减排具有重要意义。本文通过Logit模型和两步骤实证分析,揭示中国CDM项目下低碳技术转移的影响因素及其作用机理。研究表明:核证减排量(CER)收益是技术转移的根本动力,而项目规模、CER价格及其形成机制、买方类型及其市场势力、政府对此类收益作征税率等因素则可通过影响收益作用于技术转移。此外,由碳交易机构、科研机构或政府部门提供咨询,可显著促进技术转移。中间商亦可凭借专业化优势或资源配置效率产生正面作用,不同程度地抵消其市场势力所致不利影响。尤应关注的是,项目所在地经济落后程度、企业单纯追逐短期经济利益的市场失灵、金融资本的价格操控、已有相似项目的累积等,会显著制约技术转移。最后,文章提出了若干对策建议。     

CDM using a cross-country micro moments database†

ABSTRACT

This note starts with a retrospective view of the CDM model [Crépon, Bruno, Emmanuel Duguet, and Jacques Mairesse. 1998. “Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7 (2): 115–158.] as an econometric framework for studying innovation and growth. A narrative interpretation of CDM describes the chain from innovative activity at firms to increases in welfare and makes links to the policy environment. Filling in missing pieces of the innovation to productivity puzzle has a heavy data burden. The paper makes use of the micro moments database (MMD) that allows observing micro-level behavior and macro-level impacts of innovation and production in a large selection of European countries. Two examples are given of research using the MMD. First, we estimate a simplified system of innovation and production equations that can be applied to average firm choices and outcomes, as well as to industry or aggregate outcomes. We find that innovative activity contributes to aggregate productivity even while the average effect at the firm level is insignificant. Next, a cross-country exploration is made that shows heightened productivity effects of combined use by firms of various enterprise-level information and communications technologies.     

What is the role of innovation in productivity growth in Central and Eastern European countries?

The paper uses company level data from the Eurostat's Community Innovation Survey 2008 and applies CDM model in order to estimate the links between R&D engagement, R&D intensity, innovation output and productivity in selected Central and Eastern European Countries – Bulgaria and Romania, and compares their performance with Germany. The results showed that different processes drive company's decision to engage in R&D in Bulgaria and Romania in comparison to Germany; R&D intensity is an important factor of product innovation in the observed CEE countries and product innovation leads to higher productivity in Bulgaria and Romania, while process innovation leads to higher productivity in Bulgaria, but not in Romania.     

湖南CDM项目开发的成效、差距及政策建议

依据CDM项目的开发流程,将湖南在国家发改委获批、执行理事会（EB）注册和GER签发三个阶段数据与其它省市区比较后发现,湖南CDM项目开发虽然发展较快,但仍然存在开发不足、项目规模小、项目类型少等问题。立足于湖南实际,应当从加强宣传和专业人才队伍建设、完善中介服务机构、拓宽项目领域、强化政策支持等方面推进湖南CDM项目的稳健发展。     

清洁发展机制——中国经济可持续发展的新机遇

CDM是《京都议定书》下面三种合作机制之一,也是唯一一个发达国家和发展中国家就CO2减排额进行交易的合作机制。我国正在探索可持续发展的道路,CDM为此提供了巨大的推动力。本文尝试从我国经济可持续发展面临的问题、CDM目前面临的困境来探讨CDM对我国经济可持续发展的影响。     

The Economic Analysis Underlying the 'Third Way'

In this article we unpack the ‘black box’ of carbon offsetting through a critical examination of the technologies and techniques that create carbon credits. Drawing on empirical research of compliance (Clean Development Mechanism) and voluntary carbon offset markets, we highlight the diversity of technologies, techniques and devices involved in carbon offsetting, ranging from refrigerant plants to systems of calculation and audit. We suggest that polarised debates for and against offsetting do not adequately reflect the considerable variations between types of offset project and governance practices in the compliance and voluntary offset markets. Using conceptual insights from governmentality theory and science and technology studies we assess the tensions in making standard, fungible carbon credits. In conclusion, we suggest attention to the technologies and materiality of carbon offsetting allows a fresh perspective on somewhat entrenched debates about the advantages and disadvantages of offsetting.