Reconciling Domestication Techniques,the Notion of Re-exports and Some Comments on Regional Accounting

Recent work by Jackson (1998) subtly pointed out a means of forming direct input coefficient matrices from national technology that is different from that published elsewhere. In this paper, I rationalize his approach and also point out that prior approaches may still be useful in certain applications where the phenomenon of re-exports (imports that satisfy exports) are explicit in exports accounts. In the second half of this paper, I show some means of developing regional accounts, currently being used in the US, that are more elaborate than those Jackson discussed. For example, I substitute regional shares of employment with earnings shares to obtain productivity adjusted regional output. I also suggest using available regional value added and regional labour income when producing regional Use matrices.     

增强顾客服务意识,促进物流产业的发展

我国物流产业作为当今世界方兴未艾的流通服务业，正朝着国际化，全球化方向发展，顾客服务是其生命力的所在，是实施物流战略的关键，本文通过详述顾客服务在物流服务中的地位，并引入增值服务的概念，提出要促进物流产业的发展，必须增强顾客服务意识。     

关于“义乌指数”的思索

“义乌指数”于2006年10月22日正式发布，它全面反映了义乌小商品价格波动及市场活跃程度。“义乌指数”的发布具有重要的意义，但同时也存在不完善的方面，需要进一步的发展。     

商品价值新论

劳动价值论与社会主义市场经济实践相矛盾，社会主义市场经济实践需要一种新的价值理论。本从十个方面提出了一套新的商品价值理论体系。     

Scale Economies in Cross-Border Shopping and Commodity Taxation

A simple inventory theoretic model of cross-border shopping with transaction and storage costs is developed. Consumers incur fixed transaction and transportation costs to access the foreign market in which a perfect substitute of the domestic good is available. We show that the size of the optimal tax is inversely related to the size of domestic transactions. This result provides a simple example of a more general principle, that is, when there are increasing returns to scale in tax avoidance with respect to the quantities involved, then smaller transactions should be taxed more heavily than larger transactions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

西方最优商品税理论研究综述与评析——兼论统一抑或差别

"统一抑或差别"是理论经济学家和公共财政政策制定者之间长期争论的主题。文章以这一主题为线索介绍西方学者有关最优商品税理论研究的最新进展,认为最优商品税理论对于政策制定者而言,不仅具有重要的理论参考价值,而且还可以有助于在理论研究与具体政策建议之间架起交流的桥梁,特别是考虑家户生产的最新研究进展从定性和定量两个层面都能对合理设计以及实施差别税率的最优商品税制提供有用的政策依据和建议。     

马克思论批发商品流通

马克思将批发视为资本流通过程的重要环节，他不仅深入分析了批发的产生和批发在社会再生产中的作用，还对批发的组织和运行作了精辟论述，澄清了商品流通、批发商品流通和批发商业三者之间的关系，并对批发的投机性、批发价格形成的特殊性、批发影响社会经济运行的直接性作了精彩阐发。马克思的重要论述不仅为我们认识批发商品流通提供了基础理论框架，而且对于我们深化批发流通体制改革具有极大的启示意义。     

Structural transformation and the oil price

What part of the high oil price can be explained by structural transformation in the developing world? Will continued structural transformation in these countries result in a permanently higher oil price? To address these issues I identify an inverted-U shaped relationship in the data between aggregate oil intensity and the extent of structural transformation: countries in the middle stages of transition spend the highest fraction of their income on oil. I construct and calibrate a multi-sector, multi-country, general equilibrium growth model that accounts for this fact by generating an endogenously falling aggregate elasticity of substitution between oil and non-oil inputs. The model is used to measure and isolate the impact of changing sectoral composition in the developing world on global oil demand and the oil price in the OECD. I find that structural transformation in non-OECD countries accounts for up to 53% of the oil price increase in the OECD between 1970 and 2010. However, the impact of structural transformation is temporary. Continued structural transformation induces falling oil intensity and an easing of the upward pressure on the oil price. Since a standard one-sector growth model misses this non-linearity, to understand the impact of growth on the oil price, it is necessary to take a more disaggregated view than is standard in macroeconomics.     

Determinants of commodity price risk exposure in the restaurant industry: An analysis by commodity price cycles

The objectives of the present study were to (1) investigate the level and the extent of commodity price risk exposure in the restaurant industry and (2) identify the determinants of risk exposure. The risk exposure was estimated by 60-month rolling regressions based on equity returns. The determinants of equity risk exposure were proposed based on a discounted cash flow model. The results found that 35.39% of sample restaurant firms are exposed to commodity price risk. The level of equity risk exposure was estimated to be 1.148 during commodity price booms and 1.031 during slumps. Empirical testing was consistent with the model prediction that operating leverage and financial leverage are effective tools in managing risk exposure, but the effects are asymmetric during commodity price booms and slumps. Financial leverage was found to be more effective than operating leverage.     

Did the commodity price spike increase rural poverty? Evidence from a long‐run panel in Bangladesh

We assess the effects of the dramatic rise in agricultural commodity prices during 2007–2008 on income dynamics and poverty among rural households in Bangladesh. A unique panel data set allows us to put the effects of recent events in the context of long‐run trends in income and poverty. We use data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of rural households in Bangladesh collected in four waves in 1988, 2000, 2004, and 2008. Nargis and Hossain (Nargis, N., Hossain, M., 2006. Income dynamics and pathways out of rural poverty in Bangladesh, 1988–2004. Agric. Econ. 35, 425–435) analysed income dynamics and poverty incidence for the first three waves, finding a declining trend in both the incidence and severity of poverty, aided in particular by human capital development and off‐farm employment opportunities. We update and extend the analysis to include data collected in 2008, at the height of a spike in agricultural prices. We find that the price of a balanced food basket increased by more than 50% during 2000–2008, while household income rose only 15%. As a result the incidence and severity of rural poverty in Bangladesh sunk to pre‐2000 levels during 2004–2008. Thus, the price spikes in 2007–2008 helped push an additional 13 million people into poverty in rural Bangladesh. Moreover, we find that the determinants of poverty have not been time‐invariant. In particular, agricultural production, which had previously been associated with a higher incidence of poverty, served as a hedge against higher food prices during 2004–2008.