WHAT DETERMINES THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN CAPITAL AND LABOR? A LITERATURE REVIEW

This paper provides the first comprehensive review of the empirical and theoretical literature on the determinants of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. Our focus is on the two-input constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function. We start by presenting four concise observations that summarize the empirical literature on the estimation of . Motivated by these observations, the main part of this survey then focuses on potential determinants of capital–labor substitution. We first review several approaches to the microfoundation of production functions where the elasticity of substitution (EOS) is treated as a purely technological parameter. Second, we outline the construction of an aggregate elasticity of substitution (AES) in a multi-sectoral framework and investigate its dependence on underlying intra- and inter-sectoral substitution. Third, we discuss the influence of the institutional framework on the extent of factor substitution. Overall, this survey highlights that the effective elasticity of substitution (EES), which is typically estimated in empirical studies, is generally not an immutable deep parameter but depends on a multitude of technological, non-technological, and institutional determinants. Based on these insights, the final section identifies a number of potential empirical and theoretical avenues for future research.     

New membership function for poverty measure

Fuzziness in a fuzzy set is determined by its membership function (m.f) which translates the reality of a problem. Accordingly, the shapes of membership functions (m.fs) are important for a particular problem such as poverty since they effect on a fuzzy inference system. Some authors have used to visualize the behaviour of poverty, different shapes like triangular, trapezoidal. In this paper, a specific (m.f), named modified logistic membership function better illustrating the complicated reality, is proposed to measure poverty. The modified logistic membership function is first formulated for several states of poverty and its flexibility in taking up vagueness in poverty is established by an analytical approach using aggregate operators in order to infer a logical conclusion measuring poverty. An application based on individual well-being data from Tunisian households in 2010 is presented to illustrate use of proposed concepts.     

(Dynamic) willingness to pay and e-commerce: Insights from sparkling wine sector in Russia

Although economic theory clearly provides reasons for a hedonic price function to change over time, this is not how it is traditionally approached empirically. For wine, which is one of the most widely used implications of hedonic price analysis, such time invariance can be traced down to the issues of data availability and price rigidity in the food and beverage sector. The development of e-commerce changes both these premises, providing reasons for more frequent price adjustments and making price data available at each point of time. Is willingness to pay for particular product attributes indeed time-invariant? In this paper, daily price quotes from the largest online grocery market in Russia are used to address this question using sparkling wines as an example. The results indicate that time invariance might be a rather strong empirical assumption, suggesting that the time dimension should be included into hedonic price studies whenever the data allows for it.     

Climate zone crucial for efficiency of ski lift operators

This paper investigates the efficiency of ski lift companies across different climate zones in a group of countries based on establishment data. By a joint estimation of the stochastic frontier production and efficiency equations, the results indicate that ski areas in subarctic climate zones are far more efficient than their counterparts in warmer zones. The presence of a large local market and elevation of the ski area are factors not relevant for efficiency. Output of ski lift operators (companies) increases with the length of ski runs, number of ski lifts, share of slopes covered by snowmaking facilities and availability of fast lifts. Productivity is also significantly higher for ski lift companies owned by a large conglomerate.     

Exact parametric restrictions for 3-cycles in the RSS model: A complete and comprehensive characterization

This paper presents necessary and sufficient conditions for 3-period cycles in the two-sector Robinson–Solow–Srinivasan (RSS) model, taking as its point of departure an independently-(and simultaneously-) discovered exact discount-factor restriction for a general class of growth models by Mitra and Nishimura–Yano (MNY) in 1996. Our investigation of this remarkable result in the specificity of the RSS model enables a broadened inquiry that goes beyond the discount factor to parameters of labor-productivity and capital-depreciation. Since the RSS model, despite its concrete simplicity, is not covered by the general MNY model, the exact discount-factor restriction presented here does not follow from the MNY theorem, and necessitates new argumentation. Furthermore, we present a novel exact parametric region as our second result.     

会计委派制利弊谈

会计委派制是财产所有者向其所属企事业单位统一委派会计人员,并进行统一管理的一种会计人员管理制度。它的实施,有其有利的一面,也有一定的弊端。文章对会计委派制的利弊两面进行了分析,并提出了完善会计委派制的几点建议。     

论国资委职能与会计监管模式的协作

面对国有资产所有者缺位,国有资产没有真正代表的现实状况,我国迫切需要建立起一套对国有企业实施有效监管(包括会计监管)的监控体系,国资委的成立就满足了上述需求。该文从会计及经济学视角出发,将国资委成立与会计监管两个问题结合考虑,通过探讨会计信息失真与国有资产所有     

On the completeness of certain classes of two stage sampling strategies

Summary In this paper the problem of estimation of the population mean, for a finite two statge population, under the assumptions of non-informativeness of labels of distinguishable units has been studied. Completeness of certain classes of strategies, for estimating the population mean, under a two stage random permutation model, has been established.     

基于对一个理论前提质疑下的国有企业所有权结构的重新安排

该文回顾了现代企业理论对企业所有权结构安排的相关文献论述,认为委托代理理论中所有者目标函数和经营者目标函数不一致的理论假设并不符合我国国有企业的实际情况。当前国有企业改革的首要任务不应该是完善公司内部治理机制,而是改造所有权结构安排。重点分析了人力资本所有     

我国政府采购制度完善若干重点问题探析

我国政府采购改革已取得显著成效，有中国特色的政府采购制度体系已基本形成。但政府采购制度建设中也存在不少问题，如政府采购规范范围不明确不确定、政府采购运行机制和管理体制不协调、政府需求规划和预算控制未能发挥应有的作用、政府采购政策功能缺乏具体的实施措施、加入WTO《政府采购协议》面临的问题等。本文针对这些重点问题分别进行了探讨，并就政府采购制度进一步完善提出了思路和建议。