我国高等教育学科成本的计量研究

教育成本尤其是不同学科的教育成本是非常有价值的决策信息。本文在总结分析教育成本计量方法的基础上,使用成本函数模型和面板数据方法首次在国内计量分析了我国高等教育的分学科成本,结果表明在本科生中,医学学生成本最高,自然学科学生成本最低;研究生中博士生成本最高,硕士生成本相对较低。本科生、硕士生和博士生的培养成本相对比例为1∶1.5∶4。     

The cost effectiveness of palivizumab: a systematic review of the evidence

Abstract

Objective:

Palivizumab is a prophylactic therapy shown to reduce the number of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalizations but has a high acquisition cost. The objective was to systematically examine the cost effectiveness of palivizumab in defined infant groups and identify important cost and outcome determinants.

Methods:

Literature searches of MedLine, the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis registry and the UK NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) were conducted to identify economic evaluations of palivizumab compared to no prophylactic treatment for RSV prevention in any infant population. Study quality was evaluated using Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) criteria and results converted to 2009 CAN$ for comparison.

Results:

A total of 23 articles meeting inclusion criteria were identified, including 11 cost-utility analyses (CUAs) and 12 cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs). Quality of individual analyses was fairly high (range 60–100, median 86). Results ranged from cost dominance for prophylaxis to $3,365,769/QALY depending on population, outcome measures, and input parameters. Base-case and sensitivity-analysis mortality rates varied between studies and influenced results.

Conclusions:

RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab is cost effective in specific groups of high-risk infants, especially those with multiple environmental risk factors. Cost-effectiveness estimates vary between populations and settings and are more positive in those at highest risk for RSV hospitalization.

Limitations:

Direct comparison of the published reports was limited by restriction to English language articles and the varied methodologies, input measures, and populations across the studies reviewed. Although reported currencies were converted to a common unit for comparison, this does not completely account for monetary and inflation differences.     

How does the first job matter for an individual’s career life in Japan?

Exploiting annual information on the work status of female workers from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers (JPSC), this paper examines how an individual’s job status immediately after graduation, referred to as “first job,” matters for his/her future job career. Using the ratio of regular employees in the labor force in the year preceding an individual’s graduation as an instrument for the first-job status (i.e., regular job or not), we confirm that even for women, whose retention rates are lower than those of men because of marriage and childbirth, individuals’ first-job status has a significant effect on their job status in the future. We further find that the effect gradually declines over the years and effectively disappears around 10 years after graduation. Finally, we find that the first-job effect is reversible: no negative effect of failing to obtain a regular job at graduation is observed if an individual can secure regular employment within a reasonable time period after graduation.     

重新认识诚信:风险、成本和关系

本从诚信的性质、诚信成本和诚信关系来对诚信进行了再认识，试图对当前的诚信问题给出一个全新的认识。     

Opportunity lost? Chances for cost accountants' professionalization under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933

The passage in June 1933 of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) heralded an opportunity for the cost-accounting branch of the profession in the US to play a prominent role in the endeavour to revitalize the national economy. This early New Deal legislation sought to end unfair and destructive competition by authorizing industry-based codes which typically contained uniform methods of cost accounting and cost-based floors for pricing. For the first time on a broad scale, unregulated companies were required to maintain and utilize cost accounts. Many thought that a golden age of cost accountancy had arrived. However, the demise of the NIRA by 1935 left these expectations totally unfulfilled. Any opportunity for cost accountants to achieve a professional status commensurate with that of their financial accounting brethren had quickly dissipated.     

银行个体特征、外部融资成本和贷款行为的差异性——来自中国银行业微观数据的经验证据

本文运用了2007至2009年13家上市银行季度数据,考察了紧缩性政策下银行个体特征决定贷款行为差异性的机制。本文首先从我国当前银行体系制度约束的典型事实出发提出理论假说,然后建立引入银行个体特征的贷款决定模型,并进一步扩展为动态面板模型以对理论假说展开检验。研究表明,在以资产主导型的盈利模式,较为宽松的资本金补充机制和完善的银行间同业市场制度的约束下,银行的资产规模越小,资本充足率和流动性比率越高,可能会面临较高的外部融资成本,并且贷款下降幅度较大。反之,银行的资产规模越大,资本充足率和流动性比率越低,就会面临较低的外部融资成本,而贷款下降幅度较小。     

This time is different: Causes and consequences of British banking instability over the long run

This paper addresses three questions: (1) How severe were the episodes of banking instability experienced by the UK over the past two centuries? (2) What have been the macroeconomic indicators of UK banking instability? and (3) What have been the consequences of UK banking instability for the cost of credit? Using a unique dataset of bank share prices from 1830 to 2010 to assess the stability of the UK banking system, we find that banking instability has grown more severe since the 1970s. We also find that interest rates, inflation, lending growth, and equity prices are consistent macroeconomic indicators of UK banking instability over the long run. Furthermore, utilising a unique dataset of corporate-bond yields for the period 1860 to 2010, we find that there is a significant long-run relationship between banking instability and the credit-risk premium faced by businesses.     

Trademarking status and economic efficiency among commercial banks: Some evidence for the UK

As competition in the banking sector has intensified over the last two decades, commercial banks have started to use trademarks to differentiate their products and services from those offered by their competitors. Less clear are the implications of the trademarking activities on the commercial banks’ performance. In this paper, we compare the cost and profit efficiency of trademarking and non-trademarking banks in the UK, over the period 2001–2013 using stochastic frontier methods. We use Propensity Score Matching techniques to identify a sample of non-trademarking banks which share the same characteristics as the trademarking banks to ensure that variations in the efficiency between the commercial banks in our sample can be attributed to their trademarking status only. We then explicitly test the hypothesis that trademarking and non-trademarking banks share the same cost and profit frontiers. We cannot reject the hypothesis of a common cost and profit frontier. We also find that trademarking banks tend to be more profit efficient than non-trademarking banks while there is no significant difference between the cost efficiency scores of trademarking and non-trademarking banks.     

Financial factors in foreign direct investments: A dynamic analysis of international data

In contrast to existing empirical foreign direct investment (FDI) studies that examine the static effects of strategic or real economic variables, this paper focuses on the impacts of financial variables on FDI outflows for four largest industrial countries using dynamic time series methods. The results show that FDI outflows are non-stationary but have a long-run cointegrating relationship with real exchange rates. In addition, there are causal effects of exchange rates on direct investments in the short run. Multivariate cointegration analysis shows the significance of financial channels such as cost of capital and real wealth through which the real exchange rate effects operate. The effects of financial channels are comparable to those of the real wage rate channel. Overall, the present paper provides significant and methodologically consistent international evidence for dynamic interactions between FDIs and financial variables.