都市休闲旅游产品探索——以烟台邮轮旅游为例

休闲旅游最讲究的是轻松愉悦,而休闲尤其是邮轮旅游的便捷性、超娱乐、慢节奏的特征正契合旅游者轻松愉悦的追求,因此邮轮旅游可以纳入休闲旅游产品之中,为烟台市民及至烟台的游客提供一种新的休闲旅游方式。烟台市邮轮旅游发展休闲旅游产品具备了供需方面的发展条件,同时具有一定的产业基础条件,为邮轮旅游的良性发展提供了基础。但目前发展邮轮旅游产业存在的竞争、基础设施、部门协调、人才等问题,需要采取发展休闲旅游产品的一系列相应对策。     

The cruise industry in China: Efforts,progress and challenges

The cruise industry has evolved considerably and in recent years emerged to become one of the most rapidly developing segments of the global tourism industry, with millions of passengers cruising each year. On a global basis, the cruising sector is overwhelmed by North America. During recent years above average growth rates are reported in emerging cruise markets in the Asia Pacific region. As one of the core elements of the Asian cruise market, China is undergoing rapid growth in terms of both cruise ship visits and cruise tourists. However, limited research has been undertaken in regard to growth of cruising industry in China. The purpose of this article is to report current development of the cruise industry in mainland China. First, we briefly provide an overview of the worldwide cruise industry. Then, we summarize the history and the growth of the cruising sector in China; report characteristics of Chinese cruise passengers and compare them with others; highlight information on geographical distribution, berthing capacity and cruise business performance of each cruise port along China's coastlines; and introduce various cruise policy documents issued by Chinese governments. Finally, we discuss some issues, challenges and relevant managerial implications for developing this niche form of tourism in this country.     

Efficiency analysis of major cruise lines

Three major cruise lines account for 82% of the total market share. Their financial statements show different results between the operating incomes and net incomes over time. To examine the major causes of the differences, this study measured the efficiency of the top three cruise lines to develop a network DEA model to analyze the cruise operations at two stages, namely operating and non-operating stages. In addition, the determinants of the efficiencies were examined using a bootstrapped-truncated regression model. Overall, cruise lines were efficient at the operating stage, but varied widely in the efficiency of the non-operating stage. Cruise lines attempting high capacity expansion were relatively inefficient because of the heavy interest payments arising from the high debt-to-capital ratio. Moreover, the neglected hedging policy regarding the financial risks also contributed to the inefficiency.     

Impacts of cruise service quality and price on vacationers’ cruise experience: Moderating role of price sensitivity

In view of the increased interest in cruise vacations and limited study on cruises, the purpose of this study was to shed light on an understanding of cruise vacationers’ evaluations of onboard experiences with cruise lines in North America and their loyalty-formation process. The empirical results revealed that interactional quality and outcome quality were significantly and positively associated with novelty and perceived value which in turn, affected satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, perceived price was a significant and negative predictor of perceived value. The moderating function of price sensitivity showed that novelty was more effective in inducing satisfaction in the low price sensitivity group and it was more effective in enhancing perceived value in the high price sensitivity group. Overall, these results help cruise line operators who observe that cruise vacationers have become more demanding on service quality, price, and value. Practical and theoretical contributions are discussed.     

Application of an alternative expected marginal seat revenue method (EMSRc) in unrestricted fare environments

We reintroduce an expected revenue maximization formulation for airline seat allocation. We present a numerical method to find the exact solution to the integer programing problem. We further show that when this method is applied to a nested fare structure, it constitutes a heuristic method which has far better performance in an unrestricted fare environment, where fare buckets are completely undifferentiated, compared to EMSRa, EMSRb and EMSRb-MR. With use of simulation, we show that this method can recapture a significant portion of the potential revenue loss when restrictions are removed, while its performance in a fully differentiated environment is only marginally inferior compared to other methods. This method is also applicable to hotels and cruise lines where not only are there fewer “fences” around different offered rates, but also there is a greater tendency for consumers to buy down since most bookings are fully refundable.     

一种基于跟踪精度控制的组网火控雷达抗ARM方法

分析了火控雷达目标跟踪及间歇辐射原理,提出了一种保精度抗反辐射导弹（ARM）方法。 该方法通 过改进递推式自适应滤波算法,实时控制跟踪精度,来调节组网火控雷达的辐射时间和规律 ,从而最大限度地降低雷达信号被截获的概率。从仿真结果可以看出,与正常工作雷达相比 ,该方法可以使火控雷达同时实现对反辐射导弹载机的准确跟踪和对反辐射导弹的有效对抗 。     

基于SIMULINK的某型反坦克导弹平射弹道特性研究

本文基于SIMULINK仿真平台,在导弹外弹道运动方程的基础上,对某型反坦克导弹平射弹道方案进行了初步设计,提出了一种能够实现有效达成侧面打击的平射弹道方案,并通过仿真结果分析了各运动方程中各参数变化对攻顶弹道效果的影响。     

Cruising in Asia: what can we dig from online cruiser reviews to understand their experience and satisfaction

In the e-tourism era, online customer reviews with pictures, textual comments, etc. have become a significant information source affecting customers’ purchase intention and behavior. Big data analytics with text mining, semantic network analysis and factor analysis, and regression analysis were applied to help understand cruiser experience and its relationship to cruiser satisfaction in the Asian cruise market through online cruiser reviews. Research results confirmed the dimensions of cruise experience from previous studies, while more importantly, “Onshore attributes” was explored in this study using the insight of big data, which was never investigated as a facet of cruise experience previously.     

Improving revenue performance with third-degree price discrimination in the cruise industry

The leisure cruise industry has enjoyed high levels of growth for nearly five decades due in part to traveler interest in the cruise experience, but also to relatively lower pricing. Although revenue management of cruise fares is now standard practice, there are untapped opportunities to improve yields through data-driven market segmentation and third-degree price discrimination. This paper uses a finite mixture modeling approach to develop, empirically validate, and compare pricing models. By unveiling segments of travelers based on individual attributes, third-degree price discrimination can improve target marketing, the timing and appeal of price discounts, and the matching of variable demand with fixed, though differentiated, room supply. Empirical results from running thousands of simulations with pricing data from one of the world’s largest cruise lines show that the segmentation analysis using third-degree price discrimination can increase fare revenue more than four percent. The modeling approach used in this research extends the emerging literature on revenue management in the cruise industry and offers meaningful managerial implications for advanced pricing tactics and revenue management.     

A Study of Impacts—Cruise Tourism and the South West of England

Abstract

This study draws upon research carried out in 2003, which had the primary purpose of examining the perceived social impacts associated with increased levels of cruise tourism for a major port of call in the South West of England. A survey approach was employed focusing on the town of Falmouth in Cornwall. Data were collected from residents using email and face-to-face street surveys. The results suggest that there is a predominantly positive view of cruise tourism in Falmouth, in respect of perceived impacts. In addition, there is clear recognition within the research population that growth has resulted in an increase in job opportunities, produced financial benefits and led to the development of increased tourist attractions and facilities. There was little to no evidence in the results of negative impacts, including such events as increased levels of crime and overcrowding that are often associated with increased tourism to a destination. The results provide interesting prompts for further research.