Picking Gifts for Picky People

Shoppers report that 39% of their holiday gift-purchases are for someone “picky.” However, despite the ubiquity of shopping for picky people, little research has examined how people choose gifts for picky people. In the present research, we define the “picky gift recipient” as someone perceived to have narrow and unpredictable preferences, and we show how shopping for someone picky alters gift giving behavior. We find that although gift giving norms prescribe that gift givers spend effort, time, and money on gifts to strengthen their social ties, an exception to this rule occurs when a gift recipient is picky. When shopping for someone picky, givers believe that increasing their resources on a gift will not result in greater recipient-satisfaction with the gift itself—a lay belief that ultimately demotivates givers, causing them to spend fewer resources on picky people (even picky friends). That said, we find that consumers are more willing to spend money on superficial gift-features for picky people, such as professional wrapping, to “dress up” their gifts. Based on this preference, we developed and tested a novel promotion strategy that retailers could implement to recoup some of the lost spending by consumers who are shopping for picky people. In all, this research contributes to the literature on gift giving dynamics, and provides insights more broadly into how shoppers negotiate the burden of shopping for someone whom they anticipate will not like their choice.     

Exploring justice judgment patterns in Asia: a four country multi-group latent class analysis

We explore workers’ justice judgment patterns to understand how they use information to assess fair treatment at work. Justice judgment patterns are the unique set of information that individuals draw upon and use when evaluating the overall fairness of an entity. Data from four samples of workers from Malaysia, Cambodia, the Philippines, and China were analyzed using a multi-group latent class analysis. Results suggest four classes of justice judgment processes, three of which represent different patterns of heuristic processing. Comprehensive processors use a wide range of information when making justice judgments, while minimalist processors consider a limited range of information. Reward-focused processors focus on distributive justice cues and treatment-focused processors specifically attend to interpersonal justice cues while neglecting distributive justice cues. The latent class structure shared conceptual meaning across countries but the patterns had different rates of representation. Findings suggest that individuals do not always use complete information when assessing how fairly they are treated at work. Many appear to use heuristics that emphasize minimizing information processing, instrumental outcomes, or more relational outcomes. Results and implications are discussed.     

Incentivized methods to generate electronic word-of-mouth: Implications for the resort industry

Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) via social media and the internet is a popular channel through which consumers are communicating with other consumers. To increase eWOM effectiveness, some resorts have developed alternative methods to incentivize consumers to generate eWOM. These methods include: hiring reviewers, providing social currency to acquire products at a later date, or providing free product (stays at their resort). Under the theoretical framework of the Persuasion Knowledge Model (Friestad and Wright, 1994), the impact of these methods on consumers’ perception of the resort’s image, moral judgments regarding the methods, and attitudes toward the resort was studied through an experiment. We found that the different methods to incentivize eWOM yielded significantly different moral judgments, which then predicted consumers’ attitudes toward the resort and the resort’s image. Additionally, different levels of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and consumers’ perception of industry practice norms also had effects on consumers’ moral judgments.     

美国商业判断规则：基于风险偏好和高管信义义务利益冲突的分析

本文主要探讨的是作为公司治理方式之一的商业判断规则的适用问题，重点探讨在公司风险偏好和高管信义、义务冲突与利益角逐状况下，如何实施商业判断规则。本文的视角主要是美国的商业判断规则司法适用问题。从最初的“理性人”标准到独立的“善意”标准的探讨，得出的结论是：最终的规则是要达到一种平衡。目前全球金融危机蔓延，给公司治理结构中的董事权利和追责机制，提出了新的思考。     

中国既判力理论的建构基础——从历史发展与嬗变的比较法视角分析

古罗马时期所创造的＂一事不再理＂原则,包括诉讼系属和判决的既判力两层含义。由于＂一事不再理＂原则合乎逻辑地向前发展,近现代既判力理论在承继了判决的既判力这一内涵的基础上也有所发展。既判力理论和＂一事不再理＂原则虽然在内涵上有所区别,但两者存在共同的逻辑前提和制度目标,结合概念、制度和实践相互作用的分析方式,这可以为中国既判力理论的建构提供一种分析框架,在此基础上,有利于深入探讨中国既判力理论的建构原理。     

A Collaborative Multi‐criteria Decision Making Technique for Risk Factor Prioritization

Organizations are a collection of individuals, and often a disastrous organizational accident involves contributions from several technical/environmental factors and actors throughout the system over time. This paper illustrates the efficiency of a new collaborative decision making technique that could assist a group of executive decision makers in identifying, analyzing, evaluating and prioritizing significant organizational system risks. The results from the collaborative technique when applied to real world risk intensive situations, such as aviation safety risk management, are compared with those obtained by using existing notable techniques. For the case examples shown, the number of expert judgments is reduced by up to 80%. Advantages and limitations of the proposed modeling approach for collaborative decision making are discussed.     

基于模糊层次分析法的生态建筑评估体系研究——以兰州新区中建大厦为例

随着国家“双碳”战略目标的提出，建筑的设计与建造在向更为低碳的方向发展。为探求更理性更科学的生态建筑评估和建设方法，以双碳理念为背景，将国内外相关评估方法中建筑生态化方面注重因素和双碳理念下建筑生态化设计侧重点相结合，构建一个适合当前我国建筑领域的生态建筑评估指标体系。并以兰州新区中建大厦为对象，利用模糊层次分析法进行模糊评判和生态等级确定。经实证分析后结果表明，该评估体系能够准确地对生态建筑各项因素进行量化，并计算出建筑各指标的隶属度和建筑生态等级，对今后我国生态建筑评估体系的完善和生态建筑的建设具有借鉴意义。     

Combining Judgment and Models

This paper proposes a parsimonious and model‐consistent method for combining forecasts generated by structural microfounded models and judgmental forecasts. The method delivers along several dimensions. First, it improves the forecasting performance of the model. Second, it allows interpreting the judgmental forecasts through the lens of the model. Finally, it provides a framework to assess the informational content of the judgmental forecasters. I illustrate the proposed methodology with a real‐time forecasting exercise using a simple neo‐Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model and the Survey of Professional Forecasters.     

在灭火救援中确立安全撤离权的法学思考

灭火救援安全撤离问题,对于公安机关消防机构来说,不仅是一个技术性极强的专业问题,同时也是一个是否履行法定职责的法律问题.公安机关消防机构在灭火救援中既要用法律来保卫公民和组织的生命、健康和财产安全,同时也要用法律来保护自己的生命权.为此,在法律上应当设立保护性的免责条款,其中就涉及到安全撤离问题,这个问题包含安全撤离的概念、根据和构成条件三个方面的内容.     

我国上市公司信息披露适度性的模糊评价

安然事件之后,世界各国会计丑闻频传,上市公司的信息披露问题再次成为被关注的焦点,国内外学者对此做了广泛的理论研究和定性分析,但关于信息披露的定量研究却少之又少。上市公司究竟该如何披露才能保证所披露的信息是合理适度的?可以从定量的角度解决这一问题,即运用模糊数学的方法建立指标体系对信息披露适度性进行量化。