An option pricing approach to the valuation of real estate contaminated with hazardous materials

This paper uses option pricing to examine how the presence of hazardous materials affects real estate value. The property owner has two options. The first option is to remove the hazardous materials at the best time. The second option, embedded in the first one, is to redevelop the property at the best opportunity. The owner has three possible timing strategies with respect to the exercise of these two options: remove the hazardous materials first and retain the option to redevelop the property later, remove and redevelop at the same time, or do nothing. Conditions under which the presence of the hazardous materials may either expedite or postpone the decision to redevelop are also derived. If the regulatory environment does not allow the property owner to make optimal timing decisions with respect to the exercise of these options, then our results provide an indication of the cost of regulation as measured by the additional loss in property value.     

Should I stay or should I go? Bank productivity and internationalization decisions

Differences in firm-level productivity explain international activities of non-financial firms quite well. We test whether differences in bank productivity determine international activities of banks. Based on a dataset that allows tracking banks across countries and across different modes of foreign entry, we model the ordered probability of maintaining a commercial presence abroad and the volume of banks’ international assets empirically. Our research has three main findings. First, more productive banks are more likely to enter foreign markets in increasingly complex modes. Second, more productive banks also hold larger volumes of foreign assets. Third, higher risk aversion renders entry less likely, but it increases the volume of foreign activities conditional upon entry.     

How do the determinants of firm survival change in the course of the industry life cycle? A fuzzy-set analysis

Industry life-cycle research on firm survival often tests the effects of innovativeness, entry timing, and experience from related industries. However, findings on how these effects change over different stages of the life cycle are scarce. To fill this gap, we perform a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis on a data-set of 58 video game device producers in six product generations. We find that innovation provides a consistent survival advantage only in the mature stage of the life cycle. We also find that experience accumulated within the industry loses its value in the mature stage, and the advantage shifts to de alio entrants only after shake-out. These findings are discussed relating to technological uncertainty, the role of internal and external knowledge, and the construction of sufficient technological performance.     

关于记账凭证编号问题的思考

针对基础会计实践教学过程中关于记账凭证编号所引出的问题,提出了帮助分析的思路,并设计了实践教学方案。     

价格与进入管制下的边缘性进入--一个理论模型分析

本文从产业组织和企业行为的视角 ,探讨了二元 (价格与进入 )管制下边缘性进入发生的技术、需求和结构性条件 ,从而对管制放松的初始诱因提出了一个新的解释 ,即管制放松是技术进步 (在本文特指新产品的出现 )、需求结构变化和原有管制下的产品特制、产业组织结构及权力结构安排的内生现象。由边缘性进入引发的放松是一个渐进性的“多赢”结局 ,不会导致由强制性管制放松所引起的管制无序甚至缺失现象。     

Market structure and competition in transition: results from a spatial analysis

The present article provides first microlevel (indirect) empirical evidence on changes in entry barriers, the determinants of firm profitability as well as the nature of competition for a transition economy. We estimate size thresholds required to support different numbers of firms for several retail and professional service industries in a large number of geographic markets in Slovakia. The 3 time periods in the analysis (1995, 2001 and 2010) characterize different stages of the transition process. Specific emphasis is given to spatial spill-over effects between local markets. Estimation results obtained from a spatial ordered probit model suggest that entry barriers have declined considerably (except for restaurants) and that the intensity of competition has increased on average. We further find that demand spill-overs and/or the effects associated with a positive correlation in unobservable explanatory variables seem to outweigh negative spill-over effects caused by competitive forces between neighbouring cities and villages. The importance of these spatial spill-over effects differs across industries.     

基于VISSIM仿真的交叉口信号配时优化设计

交叉口作为城市道路的交通咽喉,其通行效率直接影响到城市整体道路的运行效率。为了提高城市道路交叉口的通行能力等,文章以金华市八一南街—宾虹路为实例,利用VISSIM微观仿真软件分析交叉口的延误时间、停车次数、排队长度以及尾气排放等输出参数,对比信号配时优化前后的方案。结果表明,优化后的交叉口信号配时方案下平均停车延误降低了17.33%,总体停车次数降低了21.13%,平均排队长度降低了36.51%,尾气排放的污染物以及总油耗也有所减少,交叉口的交通状况得到明显改善。     

On the measurement of entry rates

The purpose of this paper is to explicitly examine the impact that two distinct methods used to measure entry have on identifying the determinants of entry. The two approaches can be termed as the ecological approach and the labor market approach. Based on new business startups in 75 regional markets in West Germany, we find that the two different methods for measuring entry yield disparate results. Most strikingly, we find that the ecological approach yields a positive relationship between unemployment and startup activity, while the labor market approach points to a negative impact of unemployment on the startup of new firms. By decomposing these two measures we offer a reconciliation of what appears to be a measurement contradiction.